Claudio Monteverdi His Life And Contributions Essays -

Claudio Monteverdi: His Life And Contributions A comparison of two major Baroque composers: Claudio Monteverdi and Domenico Scarlatti The purpose of this paper is to analyze two psalms by Claudio Giovanni Antonio Monteverdi (1567-1643) and Giovanni Domenico Scarlatti (1685-1757) and compare and contrast the two pieces to find out how music changed throughout the Baroque period. While historians grouped music of the Baroque period together based on certain characteristics, the music did not remain the same throughout the period, as it would not for any other musical time period. Composers from different points in the Baroque period were chosen, but the things the two composers had in common were the country of residence and their nationality. Special care was taken to chose composers from the same country so that differences could not be accounted as being because of different nationalistic styles. The piece by Monteverdi, Confitebor tibi, Domine (Psalm 110), was a psalm that was used as part of the vespers on Sundays. This particular psalm is found in varied forms in the publication Selva morale et spirituale, published around 1640. This setting is set for four voices and solo soprano voice, and is accompianed by continuo. The piece begins and ends in C major, with use of very few accidentals. The accidentals in this piece were used to create a leading tone to the fifth or tonic. The piece is mostly homorhythmic and has a combination of polyphony and homophony. Occasionally there is a duet with the soprano and solo soprano lines. The piece is written in Latin, which was common practice for the time. There are no indicated dynamics, and there is use of musica ficta. In the transcription used in this paper, bar lines were added since almost none existed in the actual manuscript, and some corrections were made in the number of rests in some places in the score. The psalm composed by Scarlatti, called Laetatus sum (Psalm 121), is set for four voices (SATB), continuo, and solo soprano and alto lines. This piece is also a part of the vesper psalms used in church. There is use of imitative polyphony within the chorus parts and within the solo lines, but the chorus lines and solo lines did not imitate eachother so in essence, the piece is a duet and a chorus piece put together. There is figured bass present throughout the psalm setting. The text is actually the text to psalm 122. There is octave doubling in the bass, and the fifth occurs often since it was considered to be perfect or somehow godly. What makes this psalm different from Scarlatti's other psalms is that it is the only psalm that exhibits an organized concerto style. This psalm is also written in Latin, and has no indicated dynamics. It begins in D major, and switches to A and E major, and b and a minor throughout the setting, and ends back on D major. The piece does have some ornam entation, consisting of argued trills. The argument comes from odd markings on the original manuscript. Some people feel that the markings were just hastily drawn trills, while others feel they may actually be mordants. In the transcription listed here, they are all listed as trills. There probably was not a lot of ornamentation put into the music because there was an idea that if the music became too frilly it took away from the sacred message it was supposed to send. While both pieces are a part of each composer's library of sacred music, they are in some respects not very much alike and in others they are very similar. There are the obvious things they have in common such as the fact that they are written in Latin. That is not too suprising considering some churches still used Latin as the primary language in their services, even though in the Baroque period many churches began using the vernacular so the patrons would understand the services. Aside from that, Monteverdi, being more influenced by the Renaissance due to his time of birth, demonstrates music practices that are more indicative of the early Baroque with his use of homophony throughout his setting of Psalm 110. It is obvious that Monteverdi used

Diary of a Wimpy Kid Essay Example

Diary of a Wimpy Kid Essay Example Diary of a Wimpy Kid Essay Diary of a Wimpy Kid Essay Greg it this guy how thinks he is all that and thinks he is so popular. nd when he is older, he thinks he is going to be really famous. rowley still thinks hey i am only in 6th grade, i can still be a kid and use the word PLAYYYY greg heffley the book diary of a wimpy kid [ people think this book is just a funny book but what i think is ] i think that if you have a really good friendship, and one of the friends said or did something heart-full, it can mess the whole thing up. : if you use your friend to make you a better person it can always turn back around just like when greg made rowley go down the BIG hill so Greg can throw a foot-ball at Rowley and so Greg can get a lot stronger. 2: when you have a really good friend you want to keep for a long time or a life time friend, you should ALWAYS be nice to them and respect them. 3: if you have a friend that did something embercasing or axudentley Diary of a wimpy kid greg is going to middle school, his mom bought him a Diary witch h as the word Diary right in the middle and is in big letters. e is scared to bring it to school because he does not want some 8th grader to come see him with his bookdiary and think he is a sissy cause he has a diary in 6th grade and does not want to get punched and then get made fun of. gregs big dream and what he thinks he is going to be like in middle school is this guy who so popular and EVERY-ONE knows him, and then when he gets out of school, he is going to be really famous and when they want to know what his child-houd was like he is going to give them his diary, thats why he aggred to his mom to write in his diary. reg is spoused to write in almost all year. Greg is not really excited because A guy named Greg has a friend named Rowley and has been friends since Greg has moved to his new house. As soon as Rowley sees that a family has moved into the house, that was for sail, Rowleys mom went to the store and bought him a book called how to make friends and i kind of felt sorry for him so i puled my wig for him. that how there friend ship started. there friends ship is a little weard at first. Greg it this guy how thinks he is all that and thinks he is so popular. and when he is older, he thinks he is going to be really famous. rowley still thinks hey i am only in 6th grade, i can still be a kid and use the word PLAYYYY greg heffley the book diary of a wimpy kid [ people think this book is just a funny book but what i think is ] i think that if you have a really good friendship, and one of the friends said or did something heart-full, it can mess the whole thing up. : if you use your friend to make you a better person it can always turn back around just like when greg made rowley go down the BIG hill so Greg can throw a foot-ball at Rowley and so Greg can get a lot stronger . 2: when you have a really good friend you want to keep for a long time or a life time friend, you should ALWAYS be nice to them and respect them. 3: if you have a friend that did something embercasing or axudentley

Chinese, Japanese, and Korean environmental activists use of Essay

Chinese, Japanese, and Korean environmental activists use of Borderless Media - Essay Example to be a thorn in the flesh for the media and the public is how environmental issues are tackled by leaders across the different governments. The Asian journalists tend to think that the media from the West is well equipped with environmental data, which is totally different from the situation that is on the ground in Asia. In Asia difficulties faced by the media ranges from financial, technical and political in the various ventures that are explored. Information on environmental problems and projects is vast in Asia but the only problem is that the information is not freely accessible to the public and the only people who get to access it are the government agencies. The information is not also made available to the journalists neither is it filtered to meet the government interests. The only information that is availed to the public in one way or the other is usually presented in scientific jargon as well as in technical reports aimed at making the environmental information incompre hensible to the media fraternity thus gagging their ability to spread the information throughout the public domain. A good as well as a practical example is indicated by the fact that the appraisal report, the evaluation report and the impact-assessment report of big projects like dams are normally treated by the national government as confidential and the same case applies to international loaning agencies that are funding these projects. There are numerous unfolding difficulties that are faced by the activists and the media fraternity in their efforts to inform the public on issues facing the environment. These however does not deter the Asian environmental activists as well as the Asian group in stepping up their efforts of informing the public on matters that are environmentally sensitive and which affect government decisions (LaMay and Dennis, 1991, p. 219). Chinese environmental activists’ use of Borderless Media Use of Local newspaper According to Redclift, as the year s go by the environmental issues are in one way or the other considered to be non-sensitive issues. This has changed the whole of reporting scenery of these issues as they are reported regularly thereby making them to be obvious. The Chinese local newspaper in particular has been under intense pressure from the government to refrain from critically reporting on issues that pertain to the environment. Bans are imposed with the claim that it is for the national as well as the security interest of the nation. In 2005 Yang, an expert of the media and environment in China indicated that environmental NGOs together with their environmental campaigns have had one of the favorable spells in the Chinese local newspaper since the mid 1990s when they emerged. A close relationship has since emerged from the environmental NGOs and conventional media. The existing relationship has also incorporated various green NGOs that are spearheaded by former professional journalists. The tie between the NGO s and the media is further enhanced by the fact that the environmental NGOs are part and parcel of the source of the news and at the same time, the environmental NGOs rely on the media to apply more pressure on the government (Redclift, 201, p. 389). Use of Internet The internet has played a crucial role in expanding the existing room for the free media over the past decades. The state

How has technology influenced commercial aircraft to make them more Research Paper - 1

How has technology influenced commercial aircraft to make them more eco-friendly and safer - Research Paper Example The transport sector is one of them. Over the recent years, manufacturers of various brands of vehicles, trucks and aircrafts have come up with designs that have increased fuel efficiencies. The result of this has been reduced green house gas (GHG) emissions from the sector. In aviation specifically, a four-pillar strategy has been identified as a mitigation measure to GHG emissions from the sector. The four pillars are efficient infrastructure, effective operations, improved technology and positive economic measures (Centro 98). Of the four, technology has proved to be the most important prospect in minimizing aviation emissions. Since its introduction in the early 1900, commercial aircraft has been developing due to technological advances and recent transformations have made commercial airliners more eco-friendly and safer. This paper explores the ways in which has technology influenced commercial aircraft to make them more eco-friendly and safer. The paper begins by outlining technological advancements that have been made on commercial aircraft and how they have increased its environmental friendliness and safety. This is followed by a brief description of the savings made from these advancements and possible future advancements that can be made to make commercial aircraft more eco-friendly and safer than they are today. Commercial aircraft are second to highway vehicles in terms of motor fuel consumption. At the same time, the demand for air travel in the world is growing by almost twice the rate of growth experienced by highway vehicles. This has presented opportunities for airliners to expand their air routes, number of flights and even their fleet. All these have the potential of increasing the environmental hazards presented by commercial aircrafts on the environment. However, the industry has enjoyed many technological advancements to accommodate the increasing traffic while mitigating this. Greene (538) states that since the early 1970s,

Audit Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Audit - Essay Example Recent news that European Parliament has voted for bringing mandatory auditor rotation into the EU region has once again reminded to the global society about the necessity to improve auditor’s independence and stressed the importance of this measure. The aim of this research was to provide an overview of the auditor's independence and the mandatory auditor rotation and to analyze whether compulsory auditor rotation will improve the overall auditor independence and audit quality. Under mandatory auditor rotation, it is understood that a business or a client firm should not retain the same auditor for more than a specified period of time. There are many different views and opinions regarding the correlation between auditor's independence and auditor rotation reforms. While some experiments published in the accounting literature indicate on some potential benefits of this measure, other studies illustrate that there is no positive effect for auditor rotation and moreover, it may cause the adverse effect. The majority of opponents believe that mandatory audit firm would not improve audit quality, but will result in increased time and distraction of management, as new auditors will require more time for understanding company’s business practices, operations, and financial reporting processes. While there are proponents of mandatory audit rotation, stating that this measure will enable to improve auditors’ independence, the number of arguments put forward by the opponents of this idea is much greater.

Analysis On Financial Statements Economics Essay

Analysis On Financial Statements Economics Essay ATandT Inc. (NYSE: T) is a United States telecommunications corporation headquartered in Texas. Founded in 1983 as SBC Communications, it became ATT Inc. upon purchase of ATT Corporation in 2005. It is the leading U.S. provider of wire-line and wireless communications. ATT delivers 3G wireless services through ATT Mobility LLC, a wholly-owned subsidiary. Other major segments include broadband internet, digital television, directory publishing, and business communications. In 2006, ATT Inc. acquired BellSouth communications corporation, valued at $86 billion, absorbing its wire-line, wireless, and broadband interests. ATT has stated specific future goals in 4G wireless, speech recognition, telehealth, and digital convergence. Recently, ATT selected Alcatel-Lucent and Ericsson as equipment providers for its LTE (4G) wireless deployments. ATT has over 150 million customers and 280,000 employees. ATT reported a $124 billion operating revenue and $23 billion net income as of Dec. 31, 2008. Verizon Communications Inc. (NYSE: VZ) is a United States telecommunications corporation headquartered in New York. It was founded in 1983 as Bell Atlantic. Bell Atlantic acquired GTE Corp. in 2000 and changed its name to Verizon Communications Inc. It is the second largest U.S. provider of wire-line and wireless voice services. Verizon Wireless is a joint venture, with Vodafone Group holding 45 percent ownership. Through its FiOS product, Verizon provides fiber-optic delivery of internet, television, and digital voice. Other major operations include IP networks, applications, and professional services for business. In 2008, Verizon stated its goal to surpass ATT as the U.S. market leader in wireless voice and data communications in the United States. It is aggressively pushing fiber-optic deployments to combat industry-wide access-line losses. Verizon has over 91 million customers and 220,000 employees. Verizon reported a $97 billion operating revenue and $6.5 billion net income as of Dec. 31, 2008. Balance Sheet unusual items ATT:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  At Dec. 31, 2008, ATT reported a current ratio of 0.53, and a long-term assets / long-term liabilities ratio of 1.92. This mismatching indicates that too much short-term financing has been used to acquire long-term assets. ATT may have problems meeting its short-term obligations without additional refinancing. If additional financing cannot be obtained, a lack of asset liquidity poses a bankruptcy risk. At Dec. 31, 2008, ATT reported goodwill at $71.8 billion, accounting for about 27% of their total reported assets. This stems from ATTs aggressive acquisition strategy. The high amount poses a great asset impairment risk. Only losses, not gains, can be recorded for goodwill. If the acquired entities lose value, as judged by an annual impairment test, the loss of recorded assets and corresponding write-offs against stockholders equity can be substantial. Verizon:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  At Dec. 31, 2008, Verizon reported wireless licenses valued at $62.0 billion. These are indefinite-lived intangible asset which account for 30.6% of Verizons total assets. Wireless licenses are extremely important for a telecommunications company, but placing such large valuation on an intangible is a serious risk. Estimating fair value is very subjective, and any significant write-offs (as judged by a periodic impairment test) could threaten stockholders confidence. At Dec. 31, 2008, Verizon reported cash and cash equivalents of $9.8 billion. Having such a large amount of cash and cash equivalents (investments with a maturity of 90 days or less) is good for liquidity. However, a significant portion of this $9.8 billion could be converted to less-liquid, higher-interest investments that mature within a year, or even long-term investments. Having so much cash-on-hand is a problem because it is not being invested to return additional value to the business. Income Statement unusual items ATT:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  At Dec. 31, 2008, ATT reported basic earnings-per-share of $2.17. During the same period, their nearest market competitor, Verizon, reported $2.26 basic earnings-per-share. To the common stockholder, this is one of the most important factors to attract and maintain investment. Unless ATT can achieve higher earnings-per-share, investors will be more likely to invest in their competitors, posing a threat to ATTs future growth. At Dec. 31, 2008, ATT recorded a net other income (expense) of -$589 million (versus +$615 million in 2007). A closer look at Note 4 to the financial statements reveals that this is entirely attributable to Consolidation and Elimination expenses. Reorganization due to acquisition and restructuring has been a significant part of ATTs market-growth strategy, but they must take care not to incur excessive expenses for the sake of growth. That could lead to an overall loss of competitiveness and lack of stockholders confidence. Verizon:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  At Dec. 31, 2008, Verizon recorded a net income of $6.4 billion. Their nearest market competitor, ATT, posted a net income of $12.9 billion. In terms of absolute numbers, this gives Verizon less power in the market and also serves as an indication to investors that Verizon might not be managing its finances well enough. Income is essential to future value creation and expansion, so Verizon should strive to improve operational efficiency and attain an income thats more aligned with (or better than) its competitor. At Dec. 31, 2008, Verizon recorded a net profit margin (ratio of net income to revenues) of only .066, up from their 2007 profit margin of .059, but still lower than their 2006 profit margin of .070. In general, Verizons profit margin seems low compared to other U.S. telecommunications corporations (especially ATT), a sign of managements inability to generate strong returns. This weak financial performance should raise concerns for shareholders and financers, and it poses a survival risk to Verizon. Cash Flow Statement unusual items ATT:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 2008, ATT issued $9.5 billion in dividends to stockholders (which has been increasing gradually since 2004). Consistent dividends are good to attract sustained stockholders confidence and investment, but a dividend payout of $9.5 billion is unusually high. By paying out too many excess funds to stockholders, ATT may be missing out on more lucrative investment opportunities that would generate better returns. In 2008, ATT reported $5.6 billion in accounts payable and accrued liabilities. This amount, due to ATTs suppliers or banks, must be paid off within 12-months in order to avoid default. This significantly high amount is a constraint against ATTs working capital. If the company is not able to fully pay off the debt in time, its future operations could be hindered. Verizon:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 2008, Verizon reported net $15.9 billion in acquisitions of licenses, investments, and businesses. Such a substantial investment introduces a high level of business risk. If Verizons investments do not demonstrate profitability, not only will significant funds have gone to waste, but more doubt will be cast on the corporations future investing decisions by investors and financers. In 2008, Verizon accumulated net cash inflows from financing activities of $13.6 billion. In particular, $21.6 billion were proceeds from long-term borrowing, while there was a repayment of only $4.1 billion in long-term borrowing and capital lease obligations. It seems that Verizon is using this leverage to achieve their investing activities discussed previously. Such aggressive financing this fiscal year can put heavy constraints on Verizons ability to acquire additional financing in future years. Verizon is in a precarious position where, if they cannot repay the financing in a timely manner, they enter a high risk of declining into bankruptcy. Notes to Financial Statements unusual items ATT:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  At Dec. 31, 2008, ATT reported that $14.1 billion of its outstanding debt would mature within one year, compared to just $6.9 billion in the previous year (see Note 8). This current debt introduces a liquidity problem, since ATT must be able to generate enough cash in the next year to repay its financers. This is a significant business risk for AT&T; if it is unable to cover its debts in time, its future financing options will be limited and its business operations could be in jeopardy. As of Jan. 1, 2007, ATT indicated a loss of $123 million in goodwill related to the settlement of IRS audit in its wireless segment (see Note 6). Excess goodwill is already a problem because a high risk of asset impairment is introduced, but devaluation due to an IRS audit raises serious concerns about managements judgment for proper accounting. Investors are cautious about missteps such as this, and a recurring incident could further unsettle their confidence in ATT. Verizon:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On Jan. 9, 2009 (beyond the reporting date of the financial statements), Verizons wireless segment closed the acquisition of Alltel Corporation, paying $5.9 billion for its equity, but also acquiring $22.2 billion of its debt obligations (see Note 2). Acquiring such a massive debt puts Verizon at a significant financing risk. The notes reveal that Verizon has relied on credit to immediately cover the acquisition cost and debt prepayments, with $2.5 billion debt that remains outstanding. Verizon faces potential insolvency in other words, a high risk of adequate repayment and future refinancing. At Dec. 31, 2008, Verizon reported obligations for all defined benefit pension plans at $29.4 billion (see Note 15). The future collection of this large liability poses a financial risk to Verizon, should they not be suitably prepared to cover the costs. Along with Verizons already large debt obligations, this is a noteworthy threat to the companys viability. Balance Sheet differences At Dec. 31, 2008, ATT had a debt-to-equity ratio of 1.75 (total liabilities / total equity) and Verizon had a debt-to-equity ratio of 3.85. ATT and Verizon hold similar levels of total liabilities ($169 and $161 billion, respectively), but ATT has a great deal more stockholders equity ($96.3 versus $41.7 billion, respectively). ATTs much larger stockholder interest provides increased financial flexibility and an ability to service its debt, in comparison to Verizon which should be more cautious in its debt accumulation, at risk of being unable to generate enough cash to satisfy its debt obligations. ATTs lower debt-to-equity ratio may boost stockholders confidence since their investments are better protected in the event of business decline. On the other hand, ATTs lower debt-to-equity ratio may signify that it is not taking advantage of enough financial leverage to generate increased profits. At Dec. 31, 2008, ATT lists Customer Lists and Relationships as a long-term asset valued at net $10.6 billion. Verizon does not such an item listed on their balance sheet, but Note 4 to the financial statements reveals that customer lists and relationships are a net $820 million component of Other Intangible Assets. This item is a limited-life intangible asset, and is subject to amortization accumulation. The relatively similar size of each companys customer base suggests that these valuations shouldnt be so drastically different. Estimating fair value of customer lists and relationships is very subjective, based on how each company judges the ability to generate returns. ATTs high valuation compared to Verizon leads to higher annual write-offs of the asset. Stockholders confidence could be shaken by too high write-offs arising from higher valuations, so Verizons more conservative valuation may be safer in the long-term. Income Statement differences As of 2008, ATTs income statements divide operating revenues into five segments: wireless service, voice, data, directory, and other. Verizons income statement only specifies a catch-all operating revenues item, but Note 17 to the financial statements identifies two segments: domestic wireless and wireline. Both companies wireless segments are equivalent in scope. Verizons wireline segment is the equivalent of ATTs voice data segments combined. Notably, ATT has a more diversified business portfolio, including its directory services which include the publishing of print directories, directory advertising, internet-based advertising, and local search; and the other segment which includes information services, payphone, and corporate operations. The presentation of ATTs income statement emphasizes their diversity of operations in comparison to Verizon. This shows two different approaches to business diversification. For Verizon, if one of its two segments were to fail, the financial i mpact would be catastrophic. For ATT, the failure of a single segment would be less severe on the company as a whole. Verizon lists minority interest as a distinct item under operating income with a recorded expense of $6.16 billion. ATT does not list a distinct item, but Note 4 to its financial statements indicate that $256 million of minority interest expense is part of its other income (expense) item. Minority interest expense refers to the share of profit belonging to minority shareholders. In this case, Vodafone owns a 45% interest in Verizon Wireless and receives that share of the generated income. For Verizon, this is a very large amount of income that it could be collecting for itself, if it was to take full control of its wireless subsidiary. If Verizon recognized the full income of its wireless subsidiary, its overall net income would be more competitive with ATT. Also, by giving Vodafone such a large stake in its wireless subsidiary, there is the potential for a future takeover. Cash Flow Statement differences In 2008, Verizon recorded $13.6 billion in net cash provided by financing activities, while ATT recorded $4.7 billion in net cash used in financing activities. That is, Verizon acquired net debt in its financing activities, while ATT was able to pay back more financing that it acquired. Because of this, ATT shows more financial solvency than Verizon, as its ability to repay previous financing activities boosts shareholder confidence and enhances its record as a reliable borrowing partner for future financing. Verizons big borrowing introduces significant business risks and a potential for bankruptcy if their operations dont return considerable income. On the other hand, Verizons aggressive financing activities may prove beneficial if it uses the finances to successfully grow its market-share, which would be a threat to ATT. In 2008, Verizon recorded $1.4 billion of purchase of common stock for treasury, while ATT recorded $6.1 billion of the same. The goal of these treasury stock repurchases is to increase the value of the shares held by stockholders. Both ATT and Verizon have repurchased shares over the past 5 years, with ATT averaging $4.3 billion in repurchases per year versus Verizons $1.3 billion per year. ATTs consistently larger repurchasing may signify that it views its shares as undervalued, or that it wants to improve its reported earnings-per-share. As noted earlier, ATTs 2008 earnings-per-share were $0.09 lower than Verizons, so this might be a legitimate strategy to attract future stockholder investment. However, the consistent treasury stock repurchases may be a sign that ATT is struggling to obtain legitimate interest from investors, so they are instead just acquiring their own shares to inflate the stocks value. References ATT Inc. 2008 Annual Report. ATT Investor Relations. Online. . ATT Inc. Form 10-K | 2008. Rep. no. 1-8610. Washington, DC: United States Securities and Exchange Commission. Online. . ATT Investor Relations. ATT Official Site. Web. 16 Feb. 2010. . ATT. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Web. 12 Feb. 2010. . Top 10 Profit Margins by Industry, Telecom Domestic. The Online Investor. Web. 20 Feb. 2010. . Verizon Communications Inc. 2008 Annual Report. Verizon | Investor Relations. Online. . Verizon Communications Inc. Form 10-K | 2008. Rep. no. 1-8606. Washington, DC: United States Securities and Exchange Commission. Online. . Verizon Company Profile. Verizon | Investor Relations. Web. 17 Feb. 2010. . Verizon Communications. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Web. 12 Feb. 2010. .

AIDS :: Free AIDS Essays

AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, better known as AIDS, is caused by the incurable HIV virus. AIDS is a deadly disease that deteriorates the immune system. There are two groups of HIV (human immunodeficiency virus), HIV-1 that occurs throughout the world and HIV-2 that mainly occurs in Africa. The HIV virus enters the white blood cells and takes over the reproductive system of that cell and uses the system to reproduce itself. The white blood cell dies and the new HIV cells infect other white blood cells and repeat the process. If you have become infected with the AIDS disease you may not have any symptoms of the for the next ten years. The AIDS disease makes the less serious conditions harder for your body to control or get rid of because of the loss of many of the white blood cells in your body. The most common causes of death for the people with AIDS are pneumonia and Kaposi's sarcoma, which afflict 70% of the infected people. AIDS is transmitted in three ways. Intimate s exual contact is the most common. While direct contact with infected blood and transactions to babies from the infected mother's fetus will also cause the disease. Although some speculation, you cannot receive the disease from air, food, water, or insects. AIDS is a life and death issue. To have the AIDS disease is a sentence of slow but inevitable death. There currently is no cure or vaccine for this disease. There are drugs that have been proven effective in slowing the spread of this deadly disease. We know enough about how the infection is transmitted to protect ourselves from it. But too few people are hearing the AIDS message. Perhaps many simply don't like or want to believe what they hear, preferring to think that AIDS "can't happen to them.

A&P Analysis Essay

It is extremely helpful to use the numerical scale for quantifying pain severity for a patient in order to best asses a pain’s origin and severity, thus allowing for the most accurate diagnosis and pain treatment. 4. The term â€Å"putting a joint back into place† indicates moving the bone back into the synovial joint (its proper place). The â€Å"pop† sound occurs due to gas bubbles (nitrogen) escaping from the synovial fluid. 5. Both the shoulder joint and the hip joint are ball-and-socket joints, but the hip joint does not have as large a range of motion when compared to the shoulder joint. The shoulder joint is not just a bony socket, but is comprised of several tendons/muscles (as previously mentioned), synovial fluid, tendon sheaths and hyaline cartilage. Issue #3: Eye problems 1. The term for someone who has problems seeing close objects but can see objects far away is â€Å"hyperopia† or farsightedness. 2. Contrarily, â€Å"myopia† or nearsightedness is the condition of being able to see objects up close but not ones far away. 3. David appears to have hyperopia, since he needs to hold a paper at arm’s length to be able to read. Issue #4: Muscle Physiology 1. The cause of the muscle cramping is hyponatremia or low blood sodium, which may have occurred by the young girl drinking a lot of water in the hot sun to try and stay hydrated, but which caused an electrolyte imbalance in her body, thus resulting in muscle cramps. 2. The muscle cramps will go away once she drinks the salt water, which will restore the necessary electrolyte balance in her body. Issue #5: Muscle Physiology Child Case History 1. The hereditary X-linked recessive disease characterized by progressive muscular weakness is called muscular dystrophy, or Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). 2. â€Å"Dystrophy† refers to the degeneration of, in this case, muscles. 3. Muscles in the leg involved in walking â€Å"on the toes† are the illopsoas, gastrocnemius and soleus. As these muscles weaken, the plantar flexors in the foot take over the job of walking. 4. The trunk muscles that weaken in certain cases of lordosis (sway back) and abdominal protuberance are the lower back muscles (erector spinae), hip flexors, abdominal muscles and the hamstrings.

The New Administrations Abortion Policy essays

The New Administrations Abortion Policy essays One of the reasons that the abortion debate in the United States has historically been vehement, ugly, and impossible to resolve is that people on both sides of the issue have refused to acknowledge that there are compelling arguments favoring both the traditional pro-choice and pro-life positions. Unfortunately, as the American public has grown increasingly polarized about the topic of abortions, so have American politicians. The problem with a politician taking an absolute pro-choice or pro-life stance is that such a position shows a tremendous amount of disrespect and lack of empathy for those Americans who hold opposing views. Therefore, the new administrations policy should not be based on traditional notions of pro-choice or pro-life policies, but reflect a more modern and inclusive position; a pro-life stance that recognizes that societal changes, not legal ones, will be what changes the face of the abortion debate. The fact is that the world has changed dramatically since the decision in Roe v. Wade.1 The trimester system outlined by the Roe justices is no longer scientifically justifiable, because scientific advances mean that a second-trimester fetus has a significant possibility of living outside of the womb. In addition, there is some evidence to suggest that first-trimester embryos may soon have the possibility of living in a donor womb. These advances are of tremendous importance, because the court in Roe v. Wade had to balance two very compelling interests: a womans right to physical autonomy versus the right of an unborn child to life. The trimester system attempted to establish fetal viability, and limited a womans right to an abortion in the third trimester, during which a fetus was considered viable. However, scientific advances have dramatically reduced the age of fetal viability, so that it is possible for most mid-second-trimester pregnancies to be considered viable. Acco rding to th...

Butlers Chocolates Analysis Essay Sample

Butlers Chocolates Analysis Essay Sample Butlers Chocolates Analysis Essay Butlers Chocolates Analysis Essay Butlers Chocolates is an Irish appurtenant private manufacturer of premium chocolate and chocolate products. It works in the industry of chocolate, ice-cream and candy manufacturing. The manufacturer is headquartered in Dublin, Ireland. Butlers Chocolates was founded in Lad Lane in 1932 and it celebrated its 80 years of being a distributor of happiness in 2012. The manufacturer employs 250 people across manufacturing, shipping, packing, cask payments, sales and marketing, innovative production evolvement and Butlers Chocolate Cafes (History 2013). It is available in over 35 countries. Moreover, in 2012 Butlers Chocolate opened two overseas offices, in Singapore and in Dubai in particular in order to service the Asia-Pacific area together with the Middle East (Who we are 2013). The company opened the first cafà © in Dublin in 1998 and has established 17 Butlers Chocolate Cafes since then. Three of them were opened in Dublin, and all others appeared in Cork, New Zealand, London, Galwa y, Karachi, Pakistan, Westfield, Clonshaugh, and Lahore. The manufacturer has introduced its chocolate to many lovers across the world, from Shannon to Sydney and from Dublin to Dubai. In fact, the company is on sale in over 35 countries, including Australia, the USA, the Russian Federation, Singapore, and England (About us 2013). Butlers Chocolates SWOT Analysis SWOT analysis is a well-defined and structures planning method. It is used to estimate internal factors, including strengths and weaknesses, and external factors, including opportunities and threats. Internal factors encompass the internal situation of the company, whereas external factors present the external environment to the organization (Humphrey 2005). Strengths First, the company has a lot of individual, premium, and secret recipes. Secondly, it posses a unique concept, which encompasses the relaxing cafà © ambience and Butlers Chocolate cafà ©, both offering the highest quality retail outlet. Thirdly, the manufacturer introduces a number of innovations, including the mail order gifts, Internet marketing, club membership, and discount schemes, which helped the company to raise their general sales (Scott 2013). Fourthly, the company developed the entrepreneurial concept, with the help of which, the manufacturer tries to market chocolates with the help of coffees, in order to increase the sales. Fifthly, Butlers Chocolate Cafà © carried out an environmental scanning before starting with the concept of chocolates with coffee. It helped to check whether the idea is working in the market or not. Finally, Butlers Chocolates is a chocolate leader in a number of big markets, including UK and the USA (Butlers Chocolates 2013). Weaknesses First of all, it is considered that manufacturer has a relatively low promotions and advertising budget (Cleveland 2000). Most of their innovations and unique products are either unknown for the average person or poorly advertised. This shows the low market awareness of the brand. Secondly, there is the risk of production line issues. Finally, the company does not have the full access to the system in order to make any possible modifications due to the fact that Butlers Chocolates bought the hardware and backup facilities, while the software technical equipment and Labyrinth stayed the same. That is why it is crucial for further development to be able to save and update the site itself (Butlers Chocolates 2013). Opportunities First of all, there are franchise opportunities in foreign markets. Secondly, there is the opportunity to expand the airport retail model. Thirdly, Butlers Chocolates is to widen their Butlers Chocolate Cafes’ network into the USA. The premium chocolate manufacturer is to open the first retail outlet in New Jersey with further openings, which are believed to appear during the following 18 months (About us 2013). Finally, Butlers Chocolates opportunities concern technological innovations. The explosive growth of the computer and informational technology influences the way manufacturer brings value to the customers. It is hard to measure the value of a Web site, but it is obvious that the company has made a lot of money form the Internet efforts. In fact, all new technologies create new opportunities and markets. That is practically why the web-department should watch the following trend in technology in order to raise the online purchases (Scott 2013). Threats The first group of threats concerns economics and shows that there might be a decrease in the customer’s demand. Thus, the manufacturer has to be strongly market focused. Secondly, there is the treat of the competitive price pressure. Due to the intensive growth of such discounters and Lidl and Aldi, there are numerous threats from substitutes. Finally, there is the threat of higher input prices, which will be provoked by the increase of competitive prices around (About us 2013). PESTEL Analysis Political factors show to what degree the government intervenes in the economy of the country. Kuwait is a constitutional monarchy. It is an independent sovereign Arab State (Kuwait Constitution Part I n.d.). The monarchy is ruled by Emir. Such status is provided as a heritage from the previous Emir. Despite the fact that Kuwait is claimed to be a democracy, the Prime Minister and most of cabinet ministers are appointed by the Emir and not by the general population. It practically means that most cabinet ministers are from the ruling family. Moreover, Prime Minister is often a crown prince. He is chosen by the royal family. 50 members of the National Assembly are elected from five different districts. Ten members are selected from each district. The participation in the National Assembly is allowed to the native Kuwaiti or so-called â€Å"naturalized† people, who have lived there for more than 20 years (Kuwait Constitution Part I n.d.). These might be both men and women, over 21 years old. The National Assembly creates laws, which are later approved by the Emir. There are 16 cabinet ministers, who are also to attend the National Assembly. The National Assembly is selected for four years. Moreover, the Emir has the constitutional right to dissolve it (Kuwait Constitution Part I n.d.). However, the National Assembly has the right to reject the selection of the royal family concerning the crown prince and offer three different candidates from the direct descendant of the Emir (Cleveland 2000). There are several political parties in the Kuwaiti government: Islamic Salafi Alliance, the Islamic Constitutional Movement, National Islamic Alliance, Popular Action Bloc, National Democratic Alliance and Justice and Peace Alliance in particular (Cleveland 2000). The Emir is the person responsible for the assigning of the judges to courts. This is done together with the Ministry of Justice. It is known that Kuwait does not accept International Court of Justice jurisdiction (Cleveland, 2000). Despite the fact that Kuwait is the most moderate and liberal society in the region, the country is still seen as conservative from the Western perspective. Approximately 30% of Kuwait population are discriminated. The discriminations are usually based on the religion. In fact, Sunni government creates many barriers for Shia people. It concerns additional checking at the airports, freedom of speech towards Sunni, deficiency of Shia court of appeal, limitation of Shia political advertising. Durin g the last six years, National Assembly was disbanded 5 times. The last time it happened on the 20th of June 2012 (Sadek 2013). Actually, every new National Assembly questions the members of the royal family for corruption. However, the Al Sabah family is very strong, that is why the outcome is obvious (Cleveland 2000). Economic factors show how the business operates and makes decisions. Kuwait has a relatively small, wealthy, and open economy. The major source of profit is crude oil. The oil makes approximately 95% of country export and Kuwaiti government profit. Kuwait is geographically small as the country, but it has 9% of the global oil deposits. It holds the 5th place in Organization for Petrol Exporting Countries (OPEC). Kuwaiti GDP was more than $ 200bln in 2010. The GDP is 55% thanks to the oil sector, private sector encompasses 34,8%, transportation and communication makes 15,2%, financial sector encompasses 25,5%, and manufacturing makes 9,7% (World Bank Development Indicators 2008). In 2010, Kuwaiti government took two initiatives in order to provide higher diversification of the economy. The first one allows selling government property to private investors, and the second one provides $130bln of the monetary package, which has to be spent during five years in order to boost the foreign direct investments and private sector participation in the economy. Kuwait imports mainly from the US and the UAE. The top priority products the country has to buy abroad are food and beverages, construction materials, products of automotive industries and clothing. The general volume of Kuwaiti export was close to $ 22 billion in 2011 (Kurt 2003). Social factors affect the demand for various products and the way any company operates. In Kuwait live 2.7 million people: 1.3 million of non-Kuwaiti citizens and additional 900 thousands temporary together with those who have invalid visas. 85% of people are Muslim, the rest are Hindu, Christian, Parsi etc (Kjeilen 2013). Arabic is the major language; however, the English language is widely used. It is obvious that women in Kuwait do not enjoy the similar level of freedom as women in the western World, but still they are more powerful than in some radically Islamic countries, such as Saudi Arabia. In fact, women have the right to own property, to drive a car, to move within the country and abroad, to be elected, to vote, and to work. Approximately 70% of Kuwaiti students are actually female (Kjeilen 2013). According to Hofstede dimensions (Appendix A), Kuwait has a very high number for power distance, as it prefers centralized organizational structure; the ideal boss for Kuwaitis is autocrat. The second parameter, which stands for individualism and is quite low, means that Kuwait is a collectivistic community. It practically shows that various personal, inner-group relationships are believed to be more important than the law (Myers Tan 2002). All employee-employer relations are affected by personal connections. The third parameter that stands for masculinity versus femininity is more low than high. The society is relatively feminine, which is shown in situations as conflict resolution by negotiations and compromises, and the focus on well-being (Myers Tan 2002). The last parameter stands for uncertainty avoidance, and it is high. The main motivator for people to work is the fact that security and innovations may be resisted. There is no data provided for the parameter of long term orientation (Kuwait 2013). Technologic factors identify the barriers to entry, and minimum efficient production level. Kuwait almost does not produce any high-technological solutions. Moreover, there are no renewable energy sources in use (Anandarajan, Igbaria Anakwe 2002). Nevertheless, there is some movement towards high technology evolvement. The 21st century depicted a high growth in the Internet usage, in the Middle East Kuwait in particular. The growth is substantial in the Gulf Cooperation Council (Loch, Straub Kamel 2003). The Internet penetration has increase by 300% in Kuwait between 2000 and 2005 (Rouibah Hamdy 2009). Legal factors can affect the way a company operates, the costs and the demand for its products. Kuwait is a member of GCC custom union. That practically means that all of the products manufactured in those countries can work more freely across borders. In fact, the custom union will take such goods as if they have been produced in GCC only if 40% of product value has been subjoined in these countries and if GCC citizens own 51% of the company capital (Cleveland 2000). Kuwaiti legislation requires presence of local agents, distributors within the country. The licenses for import from Ministry of Commerce are valid for one year. They are renewable and allow multiple shipments. Only the local agent is able to get goods at the custom by presenting a letter of representation (Sambidge 2012). Kuwait has extremely warm tax environment for doing business. Corporate income tax is applied only to foreign entities carrying on trade or business. Tax rate of 15 % is applied to the following incom es – royalties, franchise, license, trademark, patent, and copyright fees received by foreign entities from Kuwait. Environmental factors may especially affect industries such as farming, insurance, and tourism. Kuwait is a country with a desert climate. Such type of the climate is famous for its aridity and hotness. It is possible to distinguish four seasons. Summer is extremely hot, autumn is quite warm with numerous thunderstorms, winter is relatively cool with frequent fogs, and spring is warm with thunderstorms, heavy rains, and cool winds (Kurt 2003). Porter’s Five Forces Analysis Porter’s five forces analysis is a special framework for industry analysis and strategy evolvement. It encompasses five factors, including treat of new entrants, power of suppliers, power of buyers, availability of substitutes and competitive rivalry. This analysis does more than just observing the direct competitors of a particular company. Such an analysis looks at various sides of the industry’s economic profile and environment together with the competitive structure. The idea is to observe each of these aspects and estimate the degree to which they raise the level of the competition in the industry. If the forces analysed are strong, they will raise the competition level in the industry, whereas if the forces are weak, they will decrease it. The competitive environment of an industry has a strong influence on the activity of businesses within that particular industry. Porter’s five forces define whether the industry is appealing or not from the view point of a company competing in the particular industry. Moreover, the appealing industry is the one, which provides the facilities for profitability (Peng 2009). The degree of rivalry. The degree and intensity of rivalry is the most obvious force out of five. It helps to define the measure to which the value created by the industry will be dispelled through head-to-head competition. The industry’s intensity of rivalry among competitors is medium. It is due to the fact that industry has numerous, equally balanced competitors, including Mamar General Trade Cont Co, Godiva, Alkazemi Food Industries, Al Ammed Coffe Chocolate and others (Chocolates in Kuwait 2013). In fact, the competition is tougher with the already established players. This factor is decreasing the intensity in the particular force. The industry is slowly growing. It has huge storage and fixed costs, and has low exit barriers. Moreover, there is a high scope for growth, which is aided by rising population and disposable income. All of these conditions create price wars, while advertising new product lines, and higher quality of customer service in the industry (Peng 2009) . The threat of entry. In this case, the threat of new entrants is low. Both future and already existing competitors affect general industry profitability. It is known that the threat of new entrants is usually based on the market entry barriers. According to Kuwaiti Commercial Law 68 of 1980, no foreign company cant establish a branch or do any commercial activity in the country if not doing it through the local distributor or agent. There is a rising demand for the chocolate products due to the rising population. The industry is characterized by the highly regulated markets and limited pricing power. These factors are decreasing the intensity of the force. Nevertheless, the financing options are easy. Such factors as the existence of economies of scale, the difference in products, the need for large capital requirements, the existence of switching costs, the lack of access to distribution channels, and the regulations that are in place for the food manufactures create the basis for t he low treat of new entrants. In addition, the brand name is well-known and the initial capital investment is high (About us 2013). A low threat of new entrants proves that the industry is more appealing and raises the profit facility for the companies, which are already competing within that industry (Peng 2009). Barging power of buyers. The bargaining power of buyers is medium. However, it is raised by two aspects: a number of large volume purchasers on the one hand and the general purchasers’ low profits from the product on the other hand. There is also the lack of backward integration and the firmness on the industry’s product (Wilkinson 2013). Such factor as highly differentiated offerings increases the intensity of the force. Nevertheless, there are very few players in a particular food segment, and such fact decreases the intensity of the force. Finally, there is a highly regulated pricing system, which definitely increases the bargaining power of buyers (Who we are 2013). Bargaining power of suppliers. The bargaining power of suppliers is decreased as the industry is an important customer of the supplier group, and suppliers do not pose a threat on forwarding integration. Nevertheless, the bargaining power of suppliers is high. There are no substitute products. In addition, the supplier’s product is of high importance to the industry (Wilkinson 2013). Food prices largely depend on global prices as the region imports most of its food requirements. There is the low supplier concentration. In addition, the adverse input price fluctuation might cut profitability. All these three factors decrease the intensity of a particular force. They also depict the decrease of intensity of a particular force. As the substitute products are almost not available in the marketplace, the supplier’s barging power is high (Peng 2009). Threat of substitute products and services. The level of treat of substitutes is low due to the fact that industry is dominated by large companies, having diversified offerings, which helps it to be less elastic to various price alterations. Moreover, large companies enjoy economies of scale. The consumer change-over costs are high. In addition, substitute products are more expensive than the industry products, and the quality together with the performance of the substitute product is beneath the industry’s product quality. This definitely makes the industry more appealing and raises the profit facility for the companies in the industry, while high treat of substitute products makes it less appealing and decreases the profit facility (Wilkinson 2013). Mode of Entry The selection of an institutional arrangement, meaning the mode for entering or expanding in a foreign market is one of the most important strategic decisions that an international firm has to make. A well-selected mode can provide the possibility for a company to receive competitive advantage (Osland, Taylor Zou 2001). The four main alternatives are exporting, joint venture, licensing (franchising), and wholly-owned subsidiaries. Butlers Chocolates has entered London, England, and the U.S. with the help of joint ventures (Butlers Chocolates enters the UK and IS markets 2009). Joint venture might be in favour due to several reasons: First of all, the risk is shared by each partner. Secondly, it allows having the control of the market with resource commitment (Rogmans 2013). Thirdly, it makes the adaptation and the standardization strategy to the local market easier. The company will be able to benefit from the local partner, as the knowledge will be shared. Joint venture is favourable when the partner’s strategic goals converge, the competitive goals diverge, and partners are able to learn from each other while limiting access to their own proprietary skills (Foley 1999). live CHAT Franchising system supplies with longer agreements and the franchisor provides a wider package of resources and rights. Such package usually encompasses the equipment, managerial systems, initial trainings, operational manual, site approval, and all support necessary for the franchisee to turn the business in the same direction it is done by the franchisor. Moreover, franchising is limited to trademark and operating know-how of the business (Rogmans 2013). Such entry of mode has numerous advantages: First of all, it faces low political risk. Secondly, the general costs are low. Thirdly, it allows conjoined proliferation into various regions around the globe. Finally, well chosen partners bring managerial capabilities as well as financial investment to the operation. Nevertheless, there are also several disadvantages of the international franchising mode. In fact, franchisees may turn into future competitors (Rogmans 2013). Their demand may be scarce at the beginning of a franchise company, which can lead to making agreements with the candidates. This will ruin the company’s name and reputation in the market (Loch 2001). Finally, franchising requires a higher financial investment to attract prospects and support and manage franchisees (Sherman 2004). In 2006, Butlers Chocolates tried to set-a-going of the Butlers Chocolate Cafà © concept on the international level. They planned to do that by well-motivated and capable franchisees. The company believes that this is a perfect method to show Butlers Chocolates to a wider audience (Hoy Stanworth 2013). It allows combining the expertise and the local knowledge of franchisees based on the broader audience. This will ensure the maintenance of the products and service quality. There will be no r estrictions on location. In fact, Butlers Chocolates are committed to continue the roll-out of international franchise operations (Franchising 2013). They propose a franchisee to deal with one and only store franchise. In particular cases, they provide the right to enter into an Area Development Agreement (Butlers Chocolate Cafà © Limited 2013). Practically, these two entries of mode are to be chosen while introducing and expanding the company in Kuwait (Streib 2007). Two strategic rules might be used by Butlers Chocolates while entering a foreign market First of all, they should operate the business through joint venture by searching a popular an enriched local firm if there is a need to consider economic scale, politics and culture differences. Secondly, if the company wants to start with a low commitment entry mode, it is better to apply franchising, which will allow to move to a great level of ownership and controls as they develop the requisite local knowledge.

Research paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Research Paper Example Various poems have been written by different poets,in which the affection of a father or a bond between father and a son, or between any other family members has been depicted. However, ‘Those Winters Sundays’, Bilingual/Bilingueand ‘My Papa’s Waltz’ are three of the poems that particularly depict the relation between father and children. However, these three poems aren’t too simple for every reader to understand in the first glance. This paper will discuss and explain these poems in this paper so that all the readers can understand the meanings that are either hidden in the context of the poems or they aren’t as discernible as they could have been. Before each poem is explained, compared and contrasted with each other, a brief introduction of each poet will be provided in the paper. The background of each poet as well as their writing style will also be discussed along with their introduction. Rhina P. Espalliat and her background Rhina P. Espaillat was basically from the Dominican Republic that was under the Trujillo regime. Espaillat, however, moved to New York in her adulthood and here she started writing poetry. She wrote poems in English and Spanish and gained fame in both languages. Her poem Bilingual/Bilingue is one of the best works of her career. It is important to mention Rhina P. Espaillat, and particularly her poem Bilingual/Bilingue in this research paper because the obscurity of her work is similar to the other two poets we discussed above. However, this is not the only reason why we are discussing her. We are also discussing this great poetess because her poem Bilingual/Bilingue has a strong connection to the poems ‘My Papa’s Waltz’ and ‘Those Winter Sundays’, respectively by Roethke and Hayden. Robert Hayden, his background and writing style While talking about Robert Hayden, we have to remind ourselves that he was one of the poets who were known for their complex l yrics that were hard for everyone to understand. As stated by Hartmann and Wigdor; â€Å"Thirty feet of correspondence, notebooks, journals, and drafts of his literary work will give cultural historians a context for understanding the haunting lyricism of Robert Hayden† (Hartman et al. 170). As Wood mentions, Hayden wasn’t a very fortunate kid. He had to face a lot of difficulties as a child as his parents got separated soon after his birth. When he was only 18 months old, he was given to his next door neighbors so that they can take care of him. His neighbors gave him a new name but he was never lawfully adopted. However, Hayden loved his foster father to whom he dedicated ‘Those Winter Sundays’.(â€Å"screen†) Since Hayden was a black man, he had faced situations that he didn’t like throughout his life. He continued to use his experiences as well as observations to come up with poems like ‘Night, Death, Mississippi’ and ‘ middle passage’. Through these two poems Hayden depicted the element of violence that was towards a certain group of people in particular. â€Å"†¦that there was hardly room 'tween-decks for half the sweltering cattle stowed spoon-fashion there; that some went

Women in Politics in the Progressive Era Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Women in Politics in the Progressive Era - Essay Example At the end of 19th century women were considered the moral guardians and the protector of the home. During the progressive era, female reformers used ideology that in order to fully protect the home, females should shift to the public scope where they could practice their ethical power over matters such as public hygiene and education which eventually had huge impacts on the homes (Schneide & Schneider 106). Before having the right to vote the women participated in the political arena by joining volunteering organizations to work for reforms in the country. Efforts began to develop at the grassroots level and extended to the state and national level. These women carried out research, executed program, and pushed for the legislature to look into social, political, and economic problem. Middle class club women and settlement workers were to organize and address issues concerning education, healthcare, and political corruption while working women got organized in their own and in partnership with middle class women to raise welfare wages and improve working conditions in America. African American women were in organization to fight racism and provide mutual support. The status of women was beginning to change rapidly in this era, for most part middle class white married women thou they still did not work outside their home. Working women were primarily young and single, widow or divorcees or poor married woman. Most women continued working in agriculture as domestic servants especially the African American women. However, new jobs were opening up and most women began to seek for occupations in department stores. Mid-class women were able to find jobs as clerical workers i.e. typist, clerk, telephone operator, and a few excelled as lawyers, doctors, journalists, and scientist (Schneide & Schneider 146). In the 1930s some reformed women in the era were already in