Family Business Plan Essay

Besides that, Ming Yi Feeds is operated in the category of control and management of family member. All the important thing and decision is making by themselves but not the outsider. The business is the first generation and established for 8 years. The founder of Ming Yi Feeds Sdn Bhd is not currently planning his retirement and is not deciding to pass the ownership of the company to anyone since he is still young and is able to run the business. The succession factor of the company is the father of the CEO is highly support for the business. And one of the biggest customers of the company is the BM Lean Huat Chan a chicken farming company own by the CEO’s father. The supportive family members of the CEO is participating themselves in the business and the support from their father made the company successful. The business is kept private and confidential to the public as well as their family. The only persons able to access the business information are the CEO and his father. This is because all the business information is crucial to the company like their supplier and customers. The founder does not have any interested to sell their family business, because the owner dreams to remain the business in their family. However, in order to expand their business, shareholder may be required to gain some capital, but the family will still holding the majority share compare to other shareholders. The company is implementing a basic compensation method which is base salary and allowances. However, there is a bonus to every employee every year and the amount is based on the performance in the particular year. Background Information Company address: Plot 31, Jalan Perindustrian Bukit Minyak 9, Taman Perindustrian Bukit Minyak, 14100 Simpang Empat. Telephone No: 04-5078488 Fax No: 04-5086488 Types of Business Entity: Sendirian Berhad Work Force: Presently 20 Staff Member Building Particular: offices 24 X 98 feet Turnover per year: RM 100 million Profit Margin: 0 ~ 1 % Quality Policy Mr. Seah said that they are committed to consistently provide the quality product and services to satisfy or exceed customer’s expectations through continuous process improvement, adequately trained and developed work force and on time delivery. Vision Ming Yi wants to be a competitive manufacturer in agriculture product in Malaysia. Mission Ming Yi Feeds is committed to bringing the best and safe agriculture product to Malaysia agriculture industry through its innovative R&D department, facilities and services offering. Objective Ming Yi Feeds wants to further boost its sale by 10% in the next two years. Organization Chart Role of Family Members Chief Executive Officer – Seah Yeok Chee the CEO is responsible in making decision and ensures the smoothness of the business operation as well as the sale of the company. He is the eldest son in the family. General Manager – Kuo Yee Mei the GM is assisting the CEO in daily operation. She is responsible in maintaining stock level. She is the wife of the CEO Mr. Seah. Financial & Human Resources Manager – Seah Ai Ling the financial and human resources manager is responsible in the financial division in the company as well as recruitment and selection of new employees. She is the sister of the CEO. Operation Manager – Seah Yeok Chew the operation manager is responsible in the feed production process and ensures the quality of the product to meet the standard. He is the younger brother to the CEO. Conflict * Connectivity There is lack of connection between the company and the entire market, because most of materials are come from family member (other business entity in the same family). So, the cost is slightly higher. * Management problem The hierarchy level and the authority are unclear. Which are the difference / gap between first generation (father) and second generation (son). * Concept The company is implementing a conservative approach. The company is not actively sought for new customer and do not take risk in new investment. Solution * The company communicates to the market and gets other suppliers in order to minimize the cost. By this the company found different supplier and compare the price. * The authority among father and son are differentiated clearly. So, the decision made by the son is not affected by the father. In order to achieve the company vision and mission, they do some investment in marketing their product to new customer. Business Activity * Selling feeds * Selling Raw Material to others supplier especially Maize and Soya bean * Others services Raw Material The main raw materials are Maize, Soya bean meal, Corn gluten meal, Broken Rice, Feed Wheat, Salt, Meat and Bone, DCP, Feed Oil / Cooking Oil and Vaccine all the ingredients of grain are l ocally available at low prices but some vitamins other ingredients will need to be imported. Product Manufacturing Process The compound feed preparation process requires 1. High accuracy and precision of weighing 2. Feed ingredient handling and processing 3. Mixing 4. Packing 5. Labeling Process Flow Diagram Compound Feed Process flow of UBM Formula of Feeds R1 – 12 – 10 ( 8107C ) Group| Name| Amount| Big Scale| Corn| 1058| | SBM Hipro| 478| Liquid| Olien / Cooking Oil| 48| Bin| C. G. M | 70| | Feed Wheat| 100| | DDGS ( Low-Pro )| 100| | MBM| 70| Hand-add| D. C. P 18%| 14| | Limestone Powder| 9| | Salt| 0. 50| | Sodium Humate| 10| Premix | Premix Merah| 1 X| | Premix 8107| 1 X| L-Lysine| 9. 84| | DL-Methionine| 6. 58| | Choline Chloride 60%| 2. 40| | Toxisorb| 3. 00| | Natuphos ( 5000G )| 0. 30| | | 1979. 62| Types of Feeds * 8107 Crumbles * 8207 Crumbles * 8207 Pellet * 8307 Pellet * 8107 c is for the chicken ( 1-8 days old ) * 8207c is for the chicken ( 9-14 days old) * 8207p is for the chicken ( 15- 21 days old ) * 8307p is for the chicken ( 22days – selling ) Location Tanker for storage raw material Packaging process Photo of the storage exist Loading process Working condition Weight the feeds and truck before send to the farm

Benjamin Banneker Analysis Essay

Benjamin Banker shifts from respectful to cynical using allusion, repetition, and negative diction to prove that since all men are created equal, slavery must come to an end. Allusion provides examples for the author and is used to assist the reader with relating to and understanding a point or message. It makes the reader feel connected, and think along the lines of the author. Banker alludes to the Declaration ofIndependence to remind Jefferson of the equality of all American men. This strategy acts as a reminder, and shows Jefferson that he, Banker, is intelligent and aware of his rights. Allusion is also used in the letter when Banker refers to Job, and his advice to his friends about enlarging their hearts with kindness. Thus, explaining how Banker wants Jefferson to feel toward slavery while still maintaining respect. Next, to illustrate the shift in tone, Banker uses repetition.Repetition acts as a sound strategy, reminding the reader of an idea or thought. In this letter, the word â€Å"Side is repeated six times. This is done as a sign of respect toward Jefferson. Repetition of â€Å"sir† sticks in the readers mind and illustrates the principle of status in eighteenth century America and the lack of equality between men. The utilization of negative diction is powerful, and can alter the feelings of the reader. This strategy transformed the initial tone of respect to a cynical tone.Banker for example, uses the words â€Å"groaning captivity', â€Å"cruel oppression†, and â€Å"fraud† to describe slavery and to convey an inhumane and cynical feel. These words make the reader portray Jefferson, and slavery, in a negative light. These three strategies that Banker utilizes show how Jefferson own words that â€Å"all men are created equal† contradict the actions of America, by slavery being allowed. Each strategy alters the thoughts and emotions of the reader, swaying the, to agree with Banker and his liberating beliefs.

Workplace Motivation Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Workplace Motivation - Case Study Example Mitsubishi Motors is the leading car manufacturer operating on the global scale. During 1990s, the company experienced problems with workers motivation which influenced productivity level and product quality. The main sources of resistance were lack of skills and low morale, low personal commitment and fear of technological changes (Mitsubishi Motors 2007). The corporation has to deal with motivation from the standpoint of the environment, that is, the various kinds of rewards and pressures within which people operate at work. Also, the corporation pays attention to motivation from the standpoint of the individual himself: his needs and purposes and how he acquires them. In order to increase productivity, Mitsubishi Motors develops new management strategies based on intrinsic motivation. As the most important, they underline manager's role in motivation and commitment. The key to a productivity-motivated workforce is a supervisory style which enhances the workers' proprietorship of their jobs. Management has too often approached the problem negatively, by depriving workers of control in order to forestall stoppages and goldbricking. Mitsubishi Motors pleads for a positive approach, for delegating this control in order to make the satisfactions of self-discipline possible (Scheuer, 2000). The morale changes occurred after men begin to think of themselves as belonging to a group. Part of the bargain is a worker's passive acceptance of any method that management might choose for organizing his work, even if this meant fragmenting his job to the point of tedium and regulating it to the point of puppetry (Scheuer, 2000). As a result, the men feel that they are important rather than taken for granted; each man knows that the group's record would suffer if he slackens, and most are determined not to let this happen. It is important to note that productivity is the goal, and control is merely one of several possible means to achieve it. The way to achieve the greatest profit is to remove the artificial impediments to productivity rather than to impose a regulatory system, no matter how tidy. A consistent record of excellence would then become a matter of personal pride rather than a meaningless exertion for somebody else's gain. The key to linking the individual's most pote nt aspirations to the goals of his company is his membership in a group which participates in its own management -- a group in which the role of the supervisor is changed from that of an enforcer or overseer to that of an expediter, an information giver, and above all an ego supporter. (Robbins, 2002). Security in the past and fear of change are another problems faced by Mitsubishi Motors. The 1990s were marked by technological and information changes, so many workers were afraid of negative consequences of these improvements. For a worker, the principal advantage of the old system is that he knows it well; it is at least predictable and that, for him, is not a small advantage by any means. He will not welcome change, but he is not likely to resist it very much, either. He considers resistance useless, and besides, he expects that in the long run all systems will work out about equally for him. Mitsubishi Motors introduces extensive training programs for assembly workers (off-job and on-job training). Also, the company proposes financial benefits for

Phases of a Project Lifecycle Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Phases of a Project Lifecycle - Assignment Example This paper illustrates that at the initiation stage, some steps are usually involved such as developing a business case, undertaking a business case, performing the project charter, identifying the project team, establishing the project office and performing a review of the phase. At the planning stage there is involvement of creating a suite of planning documents which help in guiding the team throughout the project management. The planning documents help in managing time, quality, change, risk, cost and issues. The steps involved in the planning phase are; creating a project plan, creation of a resource plan, creating a financial plan, creating a quality plan, creating a risk plan, creating an acceptance and a communications plan, then creating a procurement plan, contracting the suppliers and then finally performing phase review. This is the most challenging phase. At the execution stage, deliverables are built and presented to the customer for recognition. When deliverables are b eing constructed, a set of management processes are performed to monitor and control the deliverables being output by the project. Some of the management processes initiated at this stage are time, charge, superiority, amend, risks, issues, suppliers, consumers and communication. Closure is the last phase. It involves releasing the final proposals to the purchaser, handing over project credentials to the business, terminating dealer agreements, delivering project assets and communicating project conclusion to all stakeholders. Some of the equipment used during setting out a project for example for a company such as IT Software Company is; notebook computer which is a very important tool .this is where the researched data is being entered and stored. Electronic mail and access to the internet is made available through a high-speed modem An example of management tool is the jopro central. Jopro central is an asset of software tools that helps in managing the project workflow more effe ctively and efficiently. In addition to that, it helps the project managers in managing time and costs during the process.

Public Relations through effective management of communication Annotated Bibliography

Public Relations through effective management of communication - Annotated Bibliography Example In diverging the historical approaches used and getting into new concepts of managing communication, the authors integrate theory and practice, with an emphasis on professionals as well as students. The inclusion of various cultures highlights the essence in communication and the importance of public relations in the field as well as in the school (Chen and Starosta, 2005). The book will thus be a vital source of information in the pursuit of use of management communication to enhance public relations. Carlile, P. (2002). A pragmatic view of knowledge and boundaries: boundary Objects in New Product Development. Sloan School of Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology This study explores product development and the importance of influencing knowledge that relates to the same. Communication is the main media that results in an input of knowledge to a person and without such effectiveness in communication, there is no way that, such knowledge will be passed. A pragmatic view of the practice of knowledge is an investigation into how knowledge is passed over to function and thus used to affect a certain function according to Carlile (2002). The main aim of using this article is to understand the reason as to why communication is relevant in almost all aspects of our daily lives. If knowledge is not impacted properly, there is bound to be a myriad of errors ranging from various perspectives, an issue that can only be solved through effective communication.

Impact of informal caring on children Literature review

Impact of informal caring on children - Literature review Example Children should feel secure enough to venture into their world and welcome new experiences of youth that aid them in their growth and development. However, for some children, such is not the case. Instead of being cared for, they are the ones that provide care for others. Becker (2000) defines young carers as: ‘children and young people under 18 who provide or intend to provide care, assistance or support to another family member. They carry out, often on a regular basis, significant or substantial caring tasks and assume a level of responsibility which would usually be associated with an adult’ (Becker, 2000, p. 378). These young carers live differently from their non-caregiving peers. They are tasked with huge responsibilities early on in life that they miss out on the regular lives expected of children their age. In an effort to meet children’s developmental needs, the UK government was prompted to consult children themselves, of things that matter to them most in order to be the basis of proposals for change. These key outcomes—being healthy, staying safe, enjoying and achieving, making a positive contribution and economic well-being are detailed in the Every Child Matters report and represent a considerable shift in focus for staff providing public services for children. (Baxter & Frederickson, 2005). In the document for Every Child Matters, Working Together to Safeguard Children (HM Government, 2006), Safeguarding and promoting the welfare of children is defined as â€Å"protecting children from maltreatment; preventing impairment of children’s health or development and ensuring that children are growing up in circumstances consistent with the provision of safe and effective care (HM Government, 2006, pp. 34-35). It is ironic that with young carers, instead of being ensured of their welfare, they are the ones who keep the people they care for safe, leaving them vulnerable to some risks to their own safety and welfare. Se veral circumstances such as living with a sick parent, caring for a sibling while their single parent goes off to work, caring for their elderly grandparents in the absence of their parents may necessitate relying on a child to be an informal caregiver. For some cultures, such as in Latin American and Asian American families, this is expected of children as their contributions to family life and as a good preparation for their future (Kuperminc et al, 2009). These situations are often viewed by the adults in the family as opportunities that help promote children’s growth and maturity as well as to learn family values (Weisner, 2001). On the part of the children caregivers, different perspectives may be gleaned. Kuperminc et al (2009) found that some adolescents find their own helpfulness in the home to contribute to their positive self-esteem and feelings of interpersonal competence. For adolescents who experience disruption in their lives, the act of caregiving is considered beneficial as it provides the important connection to others that they need as well as fosters positive self-identity (Brubaker & Wright, 2006). Still other adolescents who live in disadvantaged environments view their caregiving as providing them self-confidence because it makes them feel

Special Education Individualized Education Program Research Paper

Special Education Individualized Education Program - Research Paper Example In outlining those components, it is important to also include additional IEP considerations relevant to student academic and behavioral performance in school communities. Parent participation is necessary-send written invitation to parents at least three times per certified mail. If parents cannot attend meeting, conduct a phone conference and include that information on the IEP. Send parents a copy of the completed IEP via certified mail and indicate date mailed (within three days of the meeting) and IEP case manager initials sending the IEP) The practice within the educational community of labeling children is tied to funding. When a child falls into a disability category, such as learning disabled (LD), the district, and the school the child attends, is given funding to offset the extra costs of educating that child. Because children with learning disabilities are capable of functioning at grade level with assistance outside normal teaching parameters, having your child labeled as LD means he or she gets extra help. This falls squarely on the pro side of labeling. If your child has a language processing disorder and so has difficulty reading, writing and spelling, he or she may be able to participate in language classes with four or five other students, one teacher, and an aide. This individualized attention will help your child succeed. The down side to this is he or she will be pulled from his regular class during that time. This means all the other students know he is special ed. If there is low tolerance for students outside the norm in your childs particular school, this may prove to be socially damaging. Due to the rising number of children diagnosed with learning disabilities, however, this is becoming less of a problem. More schools are incorporating LD methodologies into the mainstream classroom to accommodate these labeled children, primarily

Argument against Hiring and College-Admissions Quotas Essay

Argument against Hiring and College-Admissions Quotas - Essay Example This paper will present an argument against airing and college-admissions quotas. Additionally, it will show that using racial quotas in admitting students in colleges and either hiring or promoting employees in an organization is intuitive and substantial. A. To the government Quotas are simply numerical requirements commonly applied when hiring an employee in a company, promoting someone within an education or working center, and/or graduating members of a specific racial cluster to another level (Gildenhuys, 2004). In some cases, it is seeable that some people discriminate against others mainly due to their racial complexity. This aspect hampers growth and interaction from many angles. For example, one may fail to enter a certain college simply because he or she comes from a certain minority group. Such an act promotes racial discrimination, which is an issue that the whole universe has been fighting for many decades (Gildenhuys, 2004). In hiring, quotas are a very significant fac tor to consider since they provide a basis for selecting and thereafter hiring individuals from every social, racial, and/or economic background (Mwakikagile, 2006). Agreeably, some communities color pigmentation fails to accord them certain privileges. Some colleges and organizations do not hire, admit, or promote people of a certain color such as the blacks or Indians (Lindsay & Justiz, 2004). Some cases of racial discrimination show that there are colleges where students of Indian or black decency do not get admission whereas there are some companies that cannot hire or promote such people. People from these minority groups may possess special abilities or knowledge that...   Quotas are simply numerical requirements commonly applied when hiring an employee in a company, promoting someone within an education or working center, and/or graduating members of a specific racial cluster to another level (Gildenhuys, 2004). In some cases, it is seeable that some people discriminate against others mainly due to their racial complexity. This aspect hampers growth and interaction from many angles. For example, one may fail to enter a certain college simply because he or she comes from a certain minority group. Such an act promotes racial discrimination, which is an issue that the whole universe has been fighting for many decades (Gildenhuys, 2004). In hiring, quotas are a very significant factor to consider since they provide a basis for selecting and thereafter hiring individuals from every social, racial, and/or economic background (Mwakikagile, 2006). Agreeably, some communities color pigmentation fails to accord them certain privileges. Some colleges and org anizations do not hire, admit, or promote people of a certain color such as the blacks or Indians (Lindsay & Justiz, 2004). Some cases of racial discrimination show that there are colleges where students of Indian or black decency do not get admission whereas there are some companies that cannot hire or promote such people. People from these minority groups may possess special abilities or knowledge that they can offer and make their respective organizations gain more advantages over the others.  

Success Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Success - Essay Example Thus, if my answer is considered correct, then the definition of success would vary from person to person, depending on his or her personal goals. Most of the people in life attribute IQ to success. They believe that if a person has a high IQ score, he or she will be extremely successful in their lives. However, in my opinion, the most important ingredient to achieve a goal, in other words, the most important factor to succeed is not an IQ score; rather it is the self-control in people. As previously mentioned, people usually assume that s successful life is promised to people possessing a high IQ. In today’s world, especially in Korea, most people believe that the level of university plays an important role in an individual’s success and right of admission to these prestigious universities is limited to students with high IQ scores. However, I still doubt the fact that high IQ results in achievement of success. My point of view has also been supported by Gladwell in hi s article â€Å"The trouble with geniuses†, who indicates that it is creativity, not high IQ that is the key factor for success in life. The author further asserts that â€Å"the relationship between success and IQ works only up to a point.† (79, Gladwell). In other words, Gladwell suggests that IQ is not the most important ingredient to achieve success. ... The purpose of the class was to amplify these students’ IQ and turn them into real geniuses so that they can play an important role in the society. A number of people believed that this course would help students a become members of prestigious universities. This specific course was so popular among parents and students that a few of my friends who were known to be smart students, desired to take that course which would result in admission into a top-notch university and a bright future. However, unfortunately, a number of those students who took that course were not accepted in top colleges. Overall, most of these students attended good colleges or colleges that were not famous. On the other hand, I observed that students who were not a part of that course, as in whose IQ was not as high, got accepted in various prestigious colleges and now have successful jobs. Thus, it is clear that IQ plays an important role in the success of an individual to an extent, but not completely. As long as individuals possess a certain level of IQ, IQ itself would not have a significant influence in our lives. An article, â€Å"Don’t† written by Jonah Lehrer, also suggests that IQ is not the most important factor in a successful life. This article places emphasis on self control as an important ingredient for success by revealing test results that indicate that who controlled themselves well were more successful. In this article, Mischel argues â€Å"intelligence is largely at the mercy of self-control: even the smartest kids still need to do their homework.† (4, Lehrer). Here Mischel means that even the children with extraordinarily high IQ need to put in certain amount of effort to achieve success in life. By not striving hard

Statistics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Statistics - Essay Example In this case, we will get the stats of one of my favorite players Anthony Carmelo from New York Knicks. He scores 25.7 points per game, 7.3 rebounds and 2.8 assists. This is supported by career season high or the highest score he got in these respective areas. He got a career high of 30.7, rebound high of 10.3 and an assist of 5.2 (NBA, 2013). These numbers are what is called in statistics â€Å"averaging† or adding up all the scores and other relevant statistics and divide them by their quantity. For fans like us, it gives us a snapshot of the player’s performance from field goals, rebounds, assists. This can even further be broken down to other sub-area such as field goals, three point shots and free throws to give us detailed information on how a player performed. The statistic used in this game is founded in good math but it is not intimidating and easy to understand that makes us appreciate the game

Employment - Management Essay Example for Free

Employment Management Essay For the longest time I could not decide on a major and a career to study throughout college. When I came to Georgia Southern University I discovered that they had a major that was very interesting to me. Sport Management id the ideal major for my interest and me. Since I love sports I figured that this would be the career for me. A degree in Sport Management helps to prepare for success in sport related occupations. The job market varies in the field of sport management. Some occupational opportunities include: athletic trainer, coach, sports official, Sports agent, camp director, sporting goods sales/dealer, pro scout, athletic director, sport promoter. The list can go on of the opportunities in this career. Mostly anything sport related in todays business world is included also. The nature of a person in a sport management career is based solely around sports. Depending on what occupation you decide to pursue the work and conditions will differ. Some typical activities are, plan and direct athletic events, represent professional athletes, plan and direct the training of the team players, evaluate skills and potential of players, or work extensively with players, coaches, officials, managers etc. The work condition can vary with different jobs or tasks. A scout will be called on to travel about 3/4 of the time. Athletic directors handle the athletics of their prospective schools along with coaches. A sports agent working conditions can involve a lot of long hours and extended pressure. Some employment settings are colleges/universities, camps, sporting goods stores, management firms, professional teams, fitness centers and the media. The job outlook for most careers in Sport Management is fair to good. Sport Management is one of the fastest growing fields of study in the country. With that there will lots of job openings and new businesses starting. Some jobs in this field are limited. For instance, anything dealing with professional teams is limited due to the number of sports teams. Successes in the teams help with salary and benefits for the employees. Most jobs in the sport management field are setup to where an employee must work his or her way up the ladder. For example, the job may ask the employee to assist in work and the salaries are not as high. In some jobs such as being a general manager of a professional team the job is to an extent being in the right place at the right time. Careers in sport management require some necessary in order to be successful. Being able to communicate effectively is a very important skill in this career. Giving Speeches is one part of communication that is important. Decision Making, Organizing, Leading/Coordinating and being able to motivate others is also critical in the career. Qualifications for most jobs require a bachelors degree, sport experience and management training.

Ethical and Legal Issues on the Internet Essay Example for Free

Ethical and Legal Issues on the Internet Essay Plagiarism is probably the main concern when it comes to blogging and academic assignments. Should it be our responsibility to minimize plagiarism, yes it is. Academic Integrity helps keep higher learnings foundation strong. That is why it is very important to minimize or even try to eliminate plagiarism. Academic integrity surely includes issues like cheating and plagiarism, copyrights, patents, intellectual property. But it concerns the way in which we present ourselves to the community of which we are a part of. Its the obligation of students, administrators, faculty, and staff, to come together to educate students for personal and social responsibility. Schools offer to the learning community information about academic and research integrity, the responsible conduct of research, and about the ways in which our individual actions have an effect on our participation with, a vibrant and creative academic and social community. Plagiarism, the use of anothers words, ideas, data, or product without  appropriate acknowledgment, such as copying anothers work, presenting someone elses opinions and theories as ones own, or working jointly on a project and then submitting it as ones own. Cheating, the use or attempted use of unauthorized materials such as annotated or instructor editions of the course textbook, information, or study aids; or an act of deceit by which a student attempts to misrepresent academic skills or knowledge. Fabrication is the intentional misrepresentation or invention of any information, such as falsifying research, inventing or exaggerating data, or listing incorrect or fictitious references. There are ways for responsible blogging; as long as people can be ethical and follow them blogging may become more credible. First Bloggers should check their facts before blogging. It is so simple to produce and share content why not make sure it is 100% facts before sharing. Bloggers should respect all copyright laws, people associate online content with public domain content which can get the blogger in hot water. Bloggers should include links to a more detail source of the material that is being written. Giving credit where credit is due is very important in responsible blogging. The blogger should always reference their sources, this practice is important under an ethical point of view, but also give the reader a place to get the main source of facts.

Exploring Alternative Filming Techniques

Exploring Alternative Filming Techniques Alice Boucher   Ã‚   Exploring alternative filming techniques in video for the production of short promotional clips with relation to food and advertising Mereki, R. (2016) EAT. Available at: https://vimeo.com/27243869 (Accessed: 1 December 2016). (Mereki, 2016) https://vimeo.com/27243869 Abstract Below you will find a formal proposal consisting of my ideas and intentions for the production of the final major project commencing 2017. For this I plan on exploring different videoing styles and techniques, with the potential of being used for promotional adverts within the genre of food and still life. This FMP proposal will be submitted with a research file, this file will collate different aspects of research that I have started to explore, such as where I found my inspiration and influence, how I aim to incorporate it, techniques I could adapt and how I will approach my FMP. Project Description As mentioned above I have decided that I will dedicate my FMP to the exploration of video technique and production of short promotional videos for the use of advertising, the main theme for this will be following on with food in advertising and commercial food advertisements, this is something that I explored in my HND FMP, however I now aim to explore cinematography in depth rather than a combination of both video and stills, as I did previously. With the aim of this proposed FMP being commercial advertisements, I need to be well aware of the target markets and how I would pitch this, therefor this may mean I could be shooting other objects in regards to still life such as, products. Therefor this proposed FMP is to develop and research the use of cinematography in commercial advertising. At this point I have started to explore different reading on the subject of advertising and how it is done successfully with the citation of books such as, Burtenshaw, Ken, The Fundamentals of Creative Advertisingand Barry, Pete. The Advertising Concept Book: Think Now, Design Later: A Complete Guide to Creative Ideas, Strategies and Campaigns. New York: Thames Hudson, 2008.    Why do I want to shoot this? From typically shooting stills and my already existing qualifications and career up to this point being purely photography orientated, I have now chose to explore video and cinematography, the reason for this is because ideally I would like to work professionally and also specialize within an area of commercial advertising, therefore the FMP is a chance to practice and explore film and advertising fundamentals and techniques in preparation into a career, having briefly explored video in my HND FMP it gives me the option to expand from existing knowledge and previous work I have produced, in conclusion to this the FMP will be a personal, educational and professional body of work. How I could I shoot this? When shooting film there are several options that I need to consider and be aware of, such as shooting methods, equipment and also post-production. One of the important factors of this would be how I would like my end product to look initially? And where I would like this to be published? Thus being the consideration of target market, target audience, output and solutions. The equipment that I have considered and aim to use in the FMP will alternate between either the black magic 4K camera which is accessible via college or a DSLR capable of recording in high resolution, having previously shot with the 4K I am already aware of the basics on how to set up, control and shoot with the device however I have also decided to so more research on this documented in the research folder. An example of these considerations would be if I wanted my work to be viewed and a large cinema style screen as a sitting like a film opening, I should use the black magic 4K, this is because the camera shoots at ultra HD therefore will look much better on a larger screen, opposed to this if I want my work to be viewed on social media I should consider using a DSLR capable of shooting video, this would be because the file size and output would be a lot smaller for web use. Other Equipment Alternate equipment that I should also consider and have also researched for producing my FMP is a series of different accessories to accompany the camera to produce different video style and techniques, this is equipment such as dolling tracks, shoulder stabilizer, the possibility of a gimbal and also a selection of tripods, each of these mention will give my footage different aesthetics opposed to not using them. The reason that I plan to incorporate this equipment into my FMP research and shoots is so I have a broad range of equipment and techniques to explore, this will also enable different equipment experience when seeking a career. Shooting Methods When it comes to shooting video footage opposed to still, whilst the camera control and function may be the same but the methods are different, similar to photography the shooting methods are all dependent on the overall aesthetics. Due to being relatively new to shooting video I plan to dedicate a large proportion of my FMP to research and exploration, some techniques that are documented in my research file are methods such as stop motion, hyper stop motion, time lapse, match on action and pull focus. One of the techniques that I have already explored for this FMP proposal is stop motion conducting research into the likes of the production for Wallace and Grommit who use stop motion to and animation to produce films, stop motion is when you shoot several still images and put them in a sequence with little delay or loop to create the aspect of movement, below is my first attempt at producing stop motion with food to produce a recipe video, for this I used several techniques such as, Shooting the stop motion, editing in photoshop, adding animation and text to narrate the video, the contacts sheets from this can be found in my research file. https://vimeo.com/home/myvideos Inspiration and influence for shooting film. Below you will find my main source of inspiration and influence into shooting film, each contains a brief reason as to what it is, why it influence me and a link to where it can be found for viewing, please not none of the work shown below is my own and will be reference in the reading list. The Comfy Duck https://www.instagram.com/p/BCv3EdXN4q5/ This short video clip runs for approximately 9secs, combining bursts of short video and stills, I found this looking at different restaurants and photographers on instagram, this Is a promotional video for Lincolnshire based restaurant, unfortunately I am yet to find out who the videographer for this shoot was, however I am in touch with the stylist therefor I am hoping to get an insight. I love the whole aesthetic of this promo, all of the components e.g. the styling, the music, the clips all work together really well, this restaurant also sports really beautiful food photography too, for me this is the main inspiration and drive behind me wanting to explore film. Marks And Spencer https://www.facebook.com/pg/MarksandSpencer/videos/?ref=page_internal Another series of adverts that are appreciated by the masses and that have become very iconic is those of Marks and Spencer, all of there adverts are beautifully produced, however its the seasonal Christmas adverts that really stand out to me, they have got such a magical feel to them that itd be hard not to like them, something that I would definitely like to aspire too. Pret A Manger https://www.facebook.com/pretamanger/videos/ Another short video that Is very current that I appreciate is this from Pret A Manger, its a short promo of a reveal of a new product, for this rather than actual video footage and recording, they have used stills to create a video e.g. stop motion, sometimes stop motion can look a little amateur but I think for this it works really Head Shot Productions https://vimeo.com/119735260 Head Shot Productions are videographers and producers based in Moscow, the reason that I have decided to include these in my inspiration is because I think there actual shooting and technical ability is really strong, something that really stood out to me in this was the di erent transitions, the use of the pull focus, and the motion either used with a tracker or a gimble, either way they were all done with a subtle approach yet it looks great.   Ã‚   Magnum The reason that I have decided to look at the magnum advert isnt necessarily because I enjoy it or anything that I aim to, it is simply because this is a prime example of different conventions within video, such as the sexual objectification of women and the whole idea of phallic objectification and body forms. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wiCvL3arnps Areas of exploration and consideration: Above I have mentioned my project plan, areas I have explored, and other research and reading I can conduct on the subject matter as well as this I have made another list of research I have briefly explored but will do so more in the FMP such as considerations to objectivity, feminism, human needs, men and women, how men look at women, phallic, analytical, conventions, symbolism and audience consideration in film and advertising, a prime example of this is how women are depicted in film, one of the commercial ads that have become very famous for this is Cadbury Flakes, this became noticeably famous because of the use the chocolate being used as a phallic object, situated In a bath tub depicting the woman as having an orgasm, this apparently appeals to men and women alike and gave the Cadbury a selling point sex sells however a survey produced actually concluded that women react more negatively to this than men (Dahl, Sengupta, Vohs 2008). But what is it that makes sex sell? This is has a strong link to Maslows hierarchy of needs a theory of psychological review into the behavior of humans. This is an example of Maslows Hierarchy of needs, explored in depth in the research aspect of this proposal, but this basically is a review into the psychological aspects of humans, wants and needs to survive. Literature review and theory consideration Throughout the production of this research and proposal i have considered and selected specific readings and theory in relation to my FMP and subject area, now moving on from my initial proposal and plans to shoot film and driving this and future projects forward, I should also be aware of other literature and readings that will help develop my FMP, I will now create a literature review of the other research and readings I should consider and produce, these are split into three sections, overall film and technology, Sexual objectification, symbolisms and needs and also different creative marketing and advertising techniques, you will find a full report of reading and theory already researched and also future readings below with reasoning. Sexual objectification, symbolism and human needs in relation to media and advertising: This list of resources has helped me further my knowledge into sexual objectification and symbolism in the media and advertising as well as it linking to Maslow hierarchy of human needs, doing so has helped me conclude whether I will involve these aspects in my film productions and if so how I would involve this Reading List: A Test of Media Literacy Effects and Sexual Objectification in advertising A Test of Media Literacy Effects and Sexual Objectification in Advertising. Journal Of Current Issues Research In Advertising (CTC Press), 29(1), 81-92. The Medias Sexual Objectification of Women, Rape Myth Acceptance and Interpersonal Violence- The Medias Sexual Objectification of Women, Rape Myth Acceptance, and Interpersonal Violence. Journal Of Aggression, Maltreatment Trauma, 24(5), 569-587. Examining the influence of different levels of sexual-stimuli intensity by gender on advertising effectiveness- Examining the influence of different levels of sexual-stimuli intensity by gender on advertising effectiveness. Journal Of Marketing Management, 30(7-8), 697-718. Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema- White, M. C. (2007). From text to practice : rereading Laura Mulveys Visual pleasure and narrative cinema towards a different history of the feminist avant-garde. Female Desires Coward, R. (1996). Female desire: Womens sexuality today. London, United Kingdom: HarperCollins Publishers. Creative Advertising and Marketing Techniques As part of my FMP I have also decide that a substantial amount of research and reading should include that of different advertising and marketing techniques, the reason for this is because my final outcomes and also career prospects would be for advertising purposes therefor this would be an appropriate area to explore, this research could consist of anything from how to produce advertising context? How to make advertising contexts successful? Or something along the lines researching marketing techniques, included below is a reading list of the literature I plan to study commencing the FMP each of the should help me build up knowledge around advertising and marketing. Reading List Ogilvy on Advertising- Ogilvy, D. (1995). Ogilvy on advertising. London: Prion Books. How to Make It As An Advertising Creative- Veksner, S. (2010). How to make it as an advertising creative. London: Laurence King Publishing. The Fundamentals of Creative Advertising- Burtenshaw, K., Mahon, N., Barfoot, C. (2006). The fundamentals of creative advertising (fundamentals) (2nd ed.). Lausanne: AVA Publishing SA. The Advertising Concept Book- Barry, P. (2008). The advertising concept book: Think now, design later: A complete guide to creative ideas, strategies and campaigns. London: Thames Hudson. Filming and Editing Equipment and Technique- Upon the successful completion of my FMP something else that I should considered reading into other than Sexual Objectification in the Media, Advertising and Marketing is Filming and Editing Technique, whilst at this point I should have already produced research into filming techniques and also editing further literate readings and knowledge must be accustomed, below are the references to different readings which will take place, ranging from Journals, Books and Websites. Reading List Film Art: An Introduction- Bordwell, D., Thompson, K., Bordwell, P. D. (2007). Film art: An introduction (8th ed.). Boston: McGraw Hill. How To Read a Film: The Art, Technology, Language, History and Theory of Film and Media- Monaco, J. (1977). How to read a film: The art, technology, language, history, and theory of film and media (4th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. Edit DSLR Video- Incorporated, A. S. (2016, June 20). Edit DSLR video. Retrieved December 31, 2016, from https://helpx.adobe.com/premiere-pro/how-to/dslr-video.html?playlist=%2Fccx%2Fv1%2Fcollection%2Fproduct%2Fpremiere-pro%2Fsegment%2Fdesigner%2Fexplevel%2Fbeginner%2Fapplaunch%2Forientation%2Fcollection.ccx.js Learn five editing basics in Premiere Pro- Incorporated, A. S. (2016, November 2). Learn five editing basics in premiere pro. Retrieved December 31, 2016, from https://helpx.adobe.com/premiere-pro/how-to/easy-video.html?playlist=%2Fccx%2Fv1%2Fcollection%2Fproduct%2Fpremiere-pro%2Fsegment%2Fdesigner%2Fexplevel%2Fbeginner%2Fapplaunch%2Forientation%2Fcollection.ccx.js Try basic video editing techniques Incorporated, A. S. (2016, November 2). Try basic video editing techniques. Retrieved December 31, 2016, from https://helpx.adobe.com/premiere-pro/how-to/edit-videos.html?playlist=%2Fccx%2Fv1%2Fcollection%2Fproduct%2Fpremiere-pro%2Fsegment%2Fdesigner%2Fexplevel%2Fbeginner%2Fapplaunch%2Forientation%2Fcollection.ccx

Graduation Speech :: Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

Good evening, ladies and gentlemen. I would like to welcome you to Tomatoville's Class of 2006 graduation ceremony. It is a great honor to be speaking to you all. I would just like to take a couple of minutes to point out some things that I have noticed during my time in high school. I always seem to hear complaints about how teachers don't really care about their students. But I think our staff here in Tomatoville disproves that. All the teachers and administrators seem to genuinely care, especially our counselor, Mr. Bool. I am sure that he has helped all of us at one time or another. I also get the impression that society thinks teenagers are lazy and that we don't really care about anything. I would also like to disagree with that. Our high school has done a lot to show people that we care. We had a food drive. There is Little Buddies. In one of my classes, we all chipped in money so that a student could buy tickets for the prom. One student started a group to raise money for the Children's Hospital. Money was collected and support was given for a well-loved teacher who is battling cancer. There also has been a tremendous amount of support in these last few weeks for an injured student. In addition, I think that every single member of this graduating class has great potential. As we start a new phase of our lives, I know that everybody will have a chance to accomplish something meaningful to them. The possibilities are endless. The last thing that I've noticed is something one of my teachers pointed out a few weeks ago. It always seems that in high school, there are certain groups. And one of these groups is always the geeks. But my teacher said that anybody is a geek if he has a passion for something.

Interview with a Social Service Manager Essay -- Interview Essays

It is Friday afternoon and I am walking from the bus station towards Dunkin Donuts to meet Regina Borden, the program coordinator of healthy family services of the Catholic Charity. I see white Toyota pulling up in front of me. Behind the steering wheel I see women in her fifties waiving her hand on me very warmly. I new it is her, Regina Borden, the person I am waiting for. Quite short, thin lady with a blond curly hair got out of the car. She walks towards me and shakes my hand. " I could have invited you to my office, but actually I manage three organizations, so I have three offices, and I exactly didn't know in which one I would be this afternoon, so I thought it would be the best just to meet you here. Is that ok?" said Borden. We walked into Dunkin Donuts and ordered two cups of tea. Borden seemed very indecisive in picking up the table where to sit. She seemed to look for the right one, the one with the right energy, the most comfortable one for both of us. As soon as we set down she apologizes for wearing such a casual dress with an explanation that she mostly works on the road, so she tries to stay comfortable at all the time. After her first, elegant sip of tea Borden told me about two other organizations she manages. Except working as a program coordinator of healthy family services, she is also a coordinator for a home based parenting literacy program as well as a yoga instructor in a healthy club. Borden, who has a master in psychology says. "I have always known what I want to do already at the university, where I was involved in many activities like assisting professors with a psychology researches, or assisting private psychologists in the hospitals" She characterizes herself a... ... After she says more seriously that she would like to see more money for the program and have better resources. She is also planning to have her own program with her own alternative ways. At the end I was curious how she reveals all the stress that she has to deal with many times. Borden looked at me with her deep eyes and says with her calming quiet voice. "I practice yoga and I also reveal my stress throughout the art therapy, which I also practice at home with my children as well." It is 9 pm and Borden is ready to go for another meeting. She gently throws away her empty cup from tea and holds the door for me to get outside. We shake our hands and Borden is slowly walking back towards her car. Before she opens the car door she turns and with an honest smile on her face says: " If you want to I would give you a ride back to the bus station."

Natural Gas as an Alternate Energy Source for Transportation :: Alternate Energy Sources

Natural Gas as an Alternate Energy Source for Transportation Petroleum, the oil that is refined to create gasoline and diesel, and that as of now is the main energy source powering transportation worldwide, releases too many pollutants into the air and is not very far away from becoming a depleted resource. As global warming becomes a larger threat, gas prices rise, and the air in cities around the world becomes increasingly polluted, it is becoming more apparent that an alternate, and cleaner, source of energy is needed for use in transportation. The best option for a replacement to petroleum is natural gas, also known as methane. Today, twenty-four percent of the total energy consumed in the United States is natural gas, which means a change is already in progress (though due to a lack of technology in natural gas recovery and stubbornness of consumers, it is happening slowly) [Pros and Cons]. However, the important question is, â€Å"why is natural gas so much better that petroleum?† To begin, natural gas is much better for the environment than petroleum. If natural gas vehicles (NGVs) were to become the norm, carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions could be alleviated by ninety percent and hydrocarbon emissions could be reduced by eighty-five percent [NaturalGas.org]. This is very important, because it is the elevated levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere that are responsible for the large increase in the greenhouse effect, which is thought to be causing global warming. In addition, natural gas produces only ninety-two pounds of nitrogen oxides (NO2) and one pound of sulfur dioxide (SO2) per billion Btu of energy, as opposed to petroleum’s 448 and 1,122 pounds, respectively [NaturalGas.org]. The significance of these figures lies in the fact that it is nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxides that cause acid rain [Pros and Cons]. However, converting to natural gas would help more than just the environment. From an economic viewpoint, the widespread use of natural gas for transportation purposes as opposed to petroleum in the United States would not only relieve American reliance on foreign oil, but would also help the economy. This is because eighty-seven percent of natural gas consumed in the United States is â€Å"domestically† produced, which means it is produced in America [NGVC]. Therefore, using natural gas instead of petroleum as an energy source for transportation would help the environment and the American economy. Natural Gas as an Alternate Energy Source for Transportation :: Alternate Energy Sources Natural Gas as an Alternate Energy Source for Transportation Petroleum, the oil that is refined to create gasoline and diesel, and that as of now is the main energy source powering transportation worldwide, releases too many pollutants into the air and is not very far away from becoming a depleted resource. As global warming becomes a larger threat, gas prices rise, and the air in cities around the world becomes increasingly polluted, it is becoming more apparent that an alternate, and cleaner, source of energy is needed for use in transportation. The best option for a replacement to petroleum is natural gas, also known as methane. Today, twenty-four percent of the total energy consumed in the United States is natural gas, which means a change is already in progress (though due to a lack of technology in natural gas recovery and stubbornness of consumers, it is happening slowly) [Pros and Cons]. However, the important question is, â€Å"why is natural gas so much better that petroleum?† To begin, natural gas is much better for the environment than petroleum. If natural gas vehicles (NGVs) were to become the norm, carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions could be alleviated by ninety percent and hydrocarbon emissions could be reduced by eighty-five percent [NaturalGas.org]. This is very important, because it is the elevated levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere that are responsible for the large increase in the greenhouse effect, which is thought to be causing global warming. In addition, natural gas produces only ninety-two pounds of nitrogen oxides (NO2) and one pound of sulfur dioxide (SO2) per billion Btu of energy, as opposed to petroleum’s 448 and 1,122 pounds, respectively [NaturalGas.org]. The significance of these figures lies in the fact that it is nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxides that cause acid rain [Pros and Cons]. However, converting to natural gas would help more than just the environment. From an economic viewpoint, the widespread use of natural gas for transportation purposes as opposed to petroleum in the United States would not only relieve American reliance on foreign oil, but would also help the economy. This is because eighty-seven percent of natural gas consumed in the United States is â€Å"domestically† produced, which means it is produced in America [NGVC]. Therefore, using natural gas instead of petroleum as an energy source for transportation would help the environment and the American economy.

Assignment from the Reading Essay

Same Person collects daily fees and deposits the cash and files the wavier forms There should be one person (A) that has visitor fill out the forms and files them, also keeping a tally of the number each day. And a second person (B) collects the cash and deposits it into the lock box. The accountant deposits the cash at the bank and makes the journal entry The manager at the end of the night could deposit the cash, and the next morning the accountant could make the journal entry. No one checks the number of wavier forms filled out against the amount of cash deposited The accountant should also check the amount of waiver forms filled out against the amount of cash deposited to make sure amount deposited is equal to the number of visitors paying a fee Problem 9-15 Identify one or more control procedures (either general or application controls, or both) that would guard against each of the following errors or problems. a.) Leslie Thomas, a secretary at the university, indicated that she had worked 40 hours on her regular time card. The university paid her for 400 hours worked that week. Payroll clerk reviews all inputs before posting, and then the accounting supervisor reviews all checks for reasonableness before sending them out. b.) The aging analysis indicated that the Grab and Run Electronics Company account was so far in arrears that the credit manager decided to cut off any further credit sales to the company until it cleared up its account. Yet, the following  week, the manager noted that three new sales had been made to that company—all on credit. Computer control to disallow issuing new sales on credit to customers should be programmed into the system. c.) The Small Company employed Mr. Fineus Eyeshade to perform all its accounts receivable data processing. Mr. Eyeshade’s 25 years with the company and his unassuming appearance helped him conceal the fact that he was embezzling cash collections from accounts receivable to cover his gambling losses at the race track. Employees are required to take vacation and they should be cross-trained to cover each other’s jobs when they are out. d.) The Blue Mountain Utility Company was having difficulty with its customer payments. The payment amounts were entered directly into a terminal, and the transaction file thus created was used to update the customer master file. Among the problems encountered with this system were the application of customer payments to the wrong accounts and the creation of multiple customer master file records for the same account. They should be matching the invoice number and account numbers; this review should catch the error. Another control is the customers reviewing their statements to make sure that they are not being over charged, ect. e.) The Landsford brothers had lived in Center County all their lives. Ben worked for the local mill in the accounts payable department, and Tom owned the local hardware store. The sheriff couldn’t believe that the brothers had created several dummy companies that sold fictitious merchandise to the mill. Ben had the mill pay for this merchandise in its usual fashion, and he wrote off the missing goods as ‘‘damaged inventory.’’ Access control to create new vendors, and vendor approval procedures is a good control. Problem 9-16 Identify one or more control procedures (either general or application controls, or both) that would guard against each of the following errors or problems. a.) A bank deposit transaction was accidentally coded with a withdrawal code. Having an input that verified what type of transaction was being inputted by personal. Also, at the end of the night count would reveal this problem because there would be extra money from the deposit in the drawer. b.) The key-entry operator keyed in the purchase order number as a nine-digit number instead of an eight-digit number. Input controls through the database form that  limits the number of digits of 8 that can be keyed in by the operator. c.) The date of a customer payment was keyed 2001 instead of 2010. Input control that checks the validity of the data keyed in. If the proper perimeters where set with the application anything that fell short would not be processed until the problem was resolved. d.) A company employee was issued a check in the amount of −$135.65 because he had not worked a certain week, but most of his payroll deductions were automatic each week. Edit programs could perform edit checks that would result in an error for negative amounts before issuing checks to employees. This is done by test of sign and the system would kick back the transaction for correction before issuing the check. Payroll deductions should never be programmed to a specific number each we ek because this does not allow for changes in the number of hours worked and will always result in a mistake. e.) A patient filled out her medical insurance number as 123465 instead of 123456. Edit programs could detect this input error by matching the information with the master file if the correct perimeters were set. f.) An applicant for the company stock option plan filled out her employee number as 84-7634-21.The first two digits are a department code. There is no department 84. Edit programs could detect this input error by matching the information with the master file if the correct perimeters were set. Once it’s noticed the employee would not be able to continue until they inputted their correct employee number. g.) A high school student was able to log onto the telephone company’s computer as soon as he learned what telephone number to call. There should be a user name and password to access any company’s computer. h.) The accounts receivable department sent 87 checks to the computer center for processing. No one realized that one check was dropped along the way and that the computer therefore processed only 86 checks. Set up a checksum to check the number of checks sent against the number of checks received. They would then realize that they are missing a check and can look for it or get another one and void out the one that was dropped.

Flow Induced Vibration

advert induce VIBRATIONS IN PIPES, A impermanent particle address IVAN GRANT Bachelor of acquaintance in Mechanical Engineering Nagpur University Nagpur, India June, 2006 submitted in partial ful? llment of requirements for the degree MASTERS OF comprehension IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING at the CLEVELAND STATE UNIVERSITY May, 2010 This thesis has been approved for the surgical incision of MECHANICAL ENGINEERING and the College of G radianuate Studies by thesis Chairperson, Majid Rashidi, Ph. D. division & Date Asuquo B. Ebiana, Ph. D. Department & Date Rama S. Gorla, Ph. D. Department & Date ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank my advisor Dr. Majid Rashidi and Dr.Paul Bellini, who provided purloingenital support and assistance with forth my down c beer, and in addition for their guidance which immensely contributed towards the disclose(p)come of this thesis. This thesis would not bring in been cognise with pop their support. I would also like to thank Dr. Asuquo. B. Ebiana and Dr. Rama. S. Gorla for being in my thesis committee. give thanks atomic round 18 also payable to my p arnts,my buddy and fri blocks who throw encouraged, back up and inspired me. FLOW bring on VIBRATIONS IN PIPES, A FINITE division come up IVAN GRANT plagiarise proceed induced frissons of subwayworks with ingrained ? uid ? ow is bumvas in this work.Finite segment psychoanalysis methodological analysis is apply to de orderine the faultfinding ? uid stop upshot that induces the threshold of tubing instability. The partial di? erential equality of interrogative government the posterioral palpitations of the squ only is employed to develop the sti? mantle and inactivecape matrices corresponding to devil of the barriers of the comparabilitys of effect. The compargon of motion further includes a mixed-derivative verge that was inured as a denotation for a dissipative conk. The corresponding ground substance with this dissipative function was positive and recognized as the potentially destabilizing factor for the askance vibrations of the ? id carrying underground- decided structure. Two types of terminal specify conditions, namely manifestly-support and ignoretilevered were considered for the shout. The appropriate press, sti? cape, and dissipative matrices were veritable at an pieceal level for the ? uid carrying tube up. These matrices were then assembled to physique the overall crowd, sti? cape, and dissipative matrices of the entire system. Employing the ? nite agent imitate developed in this work dickens series of parametric studies were conducted. First, a call with a unremitting paries weighti mantle of 1 mm was analyzed. Then, the parametric studies were all-inclusive to a tube with variable beleaguer thick mantle.In this case, the paries thick ness of the thermionic tube was sculpturesque to standard candle down f fixed storage 2. 54 mm to 0. 01 mm. This take shows tha t the decisive focal ratio of a subway system carrying ? uid trick be change magnitude by a factor of sextup permit as the issuance of heightening the wall oppressiveness. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS rear ap particular OF FIGURES LIST OF TABLES I cornerst 1 1. 1 1. 2 1. 3 1. 4 II Over thought process of Internal lean bring on chills in tube ups . . . . . . Literature criticism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . accusatory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Composition of Thesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv septet ix 1 1 2 2 3 FLOW induce VIBRATIONS IN PIPES, A FINITE subdivision turn up 2. 1 Mathematical poser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. 1. 1 2. 2 pars of exploit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 4 4 12 12 Finite division baby-sit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. 2. 1 2. 2. 2 2. 2. 3 frame of reference bl abrogates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Formulating the Sti? ness intercellular substance for a shout Carrying still 14 Forming the intercellular substance for the specialty that corrects the changeable to the electron tube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 2. 2. 4 2. 2. 5Dissipation ground substance provision for a thermionic valve carrying unsound 26 inaction hyaloplasm Formulation for a shrill carrying liquified . 28 III FLOW generate VIBRATIONS IN PIPES, A FINITE randomnesstion APPROACH 31 v 3. 1 Forming planetary Sti? ness matrix from Elemental Sti? ness Matrices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 3. 2 Applying landmark Conditions to globose Sti? ness matrix for manifestly back up organ tobacco hollo with ? uid ? ow . . . . 33 3. 3 Applying confines Conditions to ball-shaped Sti? ness ground substance for a freightertilever shriek with ? uid ? ow . . . . . . . 34 3. 4 MATLAB Programs for assemblage world-wide Matrices for precisely back up and project tobacc o metro carrying ? uid . . . . . . . . . . 35 35 36 3. 5 3. 6 MATLAB weapons plat piss for a patently supported cry carrying ? uid . . MATLAB programme for a erecttilever shriek carrying ? uid . . . . . . IV FLOW bring on VIBRATIONS IN PIPES, A FINITE comp wiznt APPROACH 4. 1 V Parametric weigh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 37 FLOW INDUCED VIBRATIONS IN PIPES, A FINITE ELEMENT APPROACH 5. 1 focalizeed vacuum tube Carrying gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 42 47 50 50 51 54 MATLAB program for simply back up cry Carrying liquified . . MATLAB Program for protrude shriek Carrying silver . . . . . . MATLAB Program for tapered thermionic valve Carrying silver . . . . . . 54 61 68 VI RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 6. 1 6. 2 region of the Thesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Future mise en scene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BIBLIOGRAPHY App determinationices 0. 1 0. 2 0. 3 vi LIST OF FIGURES 2. 1 2. 2 Pinned-Pinned tube-shaped structure Carrying liquified * . . . . . . . . . . . . . . holler Carrying politic, surprises and flashs playacting on Elements (a) wandering (b) underground ** . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 5 7 9 10 11 13 14 15 16 17 21 33 34 36 2. 3 2. 4 2. 5 2. 6 2. 7 2. 8 2. 9 displume cod to B extirpateing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Force that Con clays placid to the breaking ball of piping . . . . . Coriolis Force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Inertia Force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tube-shaped structurework Carrying politic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ray of light Element amaze . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Relationship between mental vocal and Strain, Hooks Law . . . . . . 2. 10 superfluous branchs remain vapid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. 11 Moment of Inertia for an Elem ent in the polish . . . . . . . . . 2. 12 subway system Carrying facile Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. 1 3. 2 3. 4. 1 design of Simply back up subway Carrying wandering . . copy of cantilever yell Carrying quiet . . . . . . . Pinned-Free Pipe Carrying Fluid* . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . step-down of positive frequence for a Pinned-Pinned Pipe with change magnitude tend speeding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. 2 imprint Function Plot for a stick out Pipe with change magnitude full stop f number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. 3 decline of carry out absolute oftenness for a Cantilever Pipe with increase play fastness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5. 1 standard of dwindling Pipe Carrying Fluid . . . . . . . 39 40 41 42 septette 5. 2 6. 1 Introducing a Taper in the Pipe Carrying Fluid . . . . . . . . copy of Pipe Carrying Fluid and tapering Pipe Carrying Fluid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 47 octad LIST OF TABLES 4. 1 Reduction of inherent relative frequence for a Pinned-Pinned Pipe with change magnitude Flow hurrying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 4. 2 Reduction of central relative absolute frequency for a Pinned-Free Pipe with increa repulsivenessg Flow speeding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 5. 1 Reduction of sound frequency for a Tapered squall with increa ejaculateg Flow swiftness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 6. 1 Reduction of implicit in(p) relative frequency for a Tapered Pipe with increase Flow focal ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 6. 2 Reduction of Fundamental relative frequency for a Pinned-Pinned Pipe with increasing Flow pep pill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 ix CHAPTER I presentation 1. 1 Overview of Internal Flow induce Vibrations in Pipes The ? ow of a ? uid through a thermionic tube burn impose pressings on the walls of the cry cause it to de? ect at a lower place plastered ? ow conditions. This de? ection of the cry may blend in to geomorphologic instability of the tobacco squall.The rudimentary graphic absolute frequency of a thermionic valve mostly decreases with increasing hurrying of ? uid ? ow. There be certain cases where decrease in this vivid frequency can be truly important, such as very high school gear speed ? ows through ? exible thin-walled subway systems such as those utilise in feed lines to rise motors and water supply turbines. The holler pay offs susceptible to reverberance or fatigue failure if its native frequency falls below certain limits. With large ? uid velocities the squall may become unstable. The most familiar year of this instability is the whipping of an unrestricted garden hose.The content of can-do response of a ? uid conveyance thermionic tube in conjunction with the transitory vibration of ruptured calls reveals that if a shriek rupture s through its cross section, then a ? exible continuance of unsupported scream is left spewing out ? uid and is large-minded to whip about and impingement other(a) structures. In power give plumbing pipe whip is a possible mode of failure. A 1 2 study of the in? uence of the resulting high velocity ? uid on the static and dynamic characteristics of the pipes is therefore necessary. 1. 2 Literature Review Initial investigations on the bending vibrations of a manifestly supported pipe containing ? id were carried out by Ashley and Haviland2. Subsequently,Housner3 derived the equations of motion of a ? uid conveyance pipe to a greater extent(prenominal) effectly and developed an equation relating the fundamental bending frequency of a simply supported pipe to the velocity of the informal ? ow of the ? uid. He also give tongue to that at certain exact velocity, a statically unstable condition could exist. Long4 presented an substitute(a) solution to Housners3 equation of motion for the simply supported end conditions and also treated the ? xed-free end conditions. He comp ard the analysis with observational results to con? rm the mathematical clay sculpture.His experimental results were sooner inconclusive since the sludgeimum ? uid velocity forthcoming for the test was low and change in bending frequency was very small. former(a) e? orts to treat this subject were do by Benjamin, Niordson6 and Ta Li. Other solutions to the equations of motion show that type of instability depends on the end conditions of the pipe carrying ? uid. If the ? ow velocity exceeds the unfavourable velocity pipes supported at some(prenominal) ends bow out and buckle1. Straight Cantilever pipes fall into ? ow induced vibrations and vibrate at a large amplitude when ? ow velocity exceeds little velocity8-11. . 3 Objective The clinical of this thesis is to implement numerical solutions method, more(prenominal) specifically the Finite Element Analysis (FEA) to obtain solutions for di? erent pipe con? gurations and ? uid ? ow characteristics. The governing dynamic equation describing the induced structural vibrations due to inhering ? uid ? ow has been form and dis- 3 cussed. The governing equation of motion is a partial di? erential equation that is fourth establish in spatial variable and number order in time. Parametric studies have been performed to examine the in? uence of mass dispersion on the continuance of the pipe carrying ? id. 1. 4 Composition of Thesis This thesis is organize according to the followe sequences. The equations of motions ar derived in chapter(II)for pinned-pinned and ? xed-pinned pipe carrying ? uid. A ? nite broker simulate is created to solve the equation of motion. Elemental matrices argon formed for pinned-pinned and ? xed-pinned pipe carrying ? uid. Chapter(III)consists of MATLAB programs that ar used to assemble global matrices for the preceding(prenominal) cases. leap conditions are use and found on the user de? ned parameters fundamental natural frequency for free vibration is calculated for mixed pipe con? urations. Parametric studies are carried out in the chase chapter and results are obtained and discussed. CHAPTER II FLOW INDUCED VIBRATIONS IN PIPES, A FINITE ELEMENT APPROACH In this chapter,a mathematical model is formed by developing equations of a groovy ? uid conveying pipe and these equations are later solved for the natural frequency and attack of instability of a cantilever and pinned-pinned pipe. 2. 1 2. 1. 1 Mathematical Modelling comparabilitys of exploit cogitate a pipe of continuance L, modulus of cinch E, and its transverse field jiffy I. A ? uid ? ows through the pipe at cart p and density ? t a constant velocity v through the internal pipe crosswise of scene of action A. As the ? uid ? ows through the de? ecting pipe it is zipd, because of the changing curvature of the pipe and the lateral vibration of the transmission line. The tumid instalment part of ? uid wring apply to the ? uid chemical particle and the pressure index F per social unit of measurement duration applied on the ? uid piece by the tube walls oppose these accelerations. linkring to ? gures (2. 1) and 4 5 intent 2. 1 Pinned-Pinned Pipe Carrying Fluid * (2. 2),balancing the fights in the Y direction on the ? uid element for small deformations, gives F ? A ? ? ? 2Y = ? A( + v )2 Y ? x2 ? t ? x (2. 1) The pressure gradient in the ? uid along the duration of the pipe is opposed by the dress stress of the ? uid friction against the tube walls. The core group of the armaments parallel simulacrum 2. 2 Pipe Carrying Fluid, Forces and Moments acting on Elements (a) Fluid (b) Pipe ** to the pipe axis for a constant ? ow velocity gives 0 0 * Flow Induced Vibrations,Robert D. Blevins,Krieger. 1977,P 289 ** Flow Induced Vibrations,Robert D. Blevins,Krieger. 1977,P 289 6 A ?p + ? S = 0 ? x (2. 2) Where S is the inner tolerance of the pipe, and ? s the cut back stress on the internal surface of the pipe. The equations of motions of the pipe element are derived as follows. ?T ? 2Y + ? S ? Q 2 = 0 ? x ? x (2. 3) Where Q is the transverse shear force in the pipe and T is the longitudinal tensity in the pipe. The forces on the element of the pipe normal to the pipe axis accelerate the pipe element in the Y direction. For small deformations, ? 2Y ? 2Y ? Q +T 2 ? F =m 2 ? x ? x ? t (2. 4) Where m is the mass per unit continuance of the empty pipe. The bending meaning M in the pipe, the transverse shear force Q and the pipe deformation are related by ? 3Y ?M = EI 3 ? x ? x Q=? (2. 5) Combining all the preceding(prenominal) equations and eliminating Q and F yields EI ? 4Y ? 2Y ? ? ? Y + (? A ? T ) 2 + ? A( + v )2 Y + m 2 = 0 4 ? x ? x ? t ? x ? t (2. 6) The shear stress may be eliminated from equation 2. 2 and 2. 3 to give ? (? A ? T ) =0 ? x (2. 7) At the pipe end where x=L, the tension in the pipe is zero and the ? uid pre ssure is equal to ambient pressure. Thus p=T=0 at x=L, ? A ? T = 0 (2. 8) 7 The equation of motion for a free vibration of a ? uid conveying pipe is found out by substituting ? A ? T = 0 from equation 2. 8 in equation 2. 6 and is attached by the equation 2. EI ? 2Y ? 2Y ? 4Y ? 2Y +M 2 =0 + ? Av 2 2 + 2? Av ? x4 ? x ? x? t ? t (2. 9) where the mass per unit distance of the pipe and the ? uid in the pipe is disposed(p) by M = m + ? A. The nigh section describes the forces acting on the pipe carrying ? uid for apiece of the portions of eq(2. 9) Y F1 X Z EI ? 4Y ? x4 epithet 2. 3 Force due to crimp government agency of the First name in the Equation of Motion for a Pipe Carrying Fluid 8 The term EI ? Y is a force parcel acting on the pipe as a result of bending of ? x4 the pipe. Fig(2. 3) shows a schematic view of this force F1. 4 9 Y F2 X Z ?Av 2 ? 2Y ? x2 Figure 2. Force that Conforms Fluid to the Curvature of Pipe copy of the Second Term in the Equation of Motion for a P ipe Carrying Fluid The term ? Av 2 ? Y is a force component acting on the pipe as a result of ? ow ? x2 around a trend pipe. In other words the whim of the ? uid is changed leading to a force component F2 shown schematically in Fig(2. 4) as a result of the curvature in the pipe. 2 10 Y F3 X Z 2? Av ? 2Y ? x? t Figure 2. 5 Coriolis Force Representation of the Third Term in the Equation of Motion for a Pipe Carrying Fluid ? Y The term 2? Av ? x? t is the force inevitable to rotate the ? id element as each point 2 in the intersect rotates with angular velocity. This force is a result of Coriolis E? ect. Fig(2. 5) shows a schematic view of this force F3. 11 Y F4 X Z M ? 2Y ? t2 Figure 2. 6 Inertia Force Representation of the stern Term in the Equation of Motion for a Pipe Carrying Fluid The term M ? Y is a force component acting on the pipe as a result of Inertia ? t2 of the pipe and the ? uid ? owing through it. Fig(2. 6) shows a schematic view of this force F4. 2 12 2. 2 Finite E lement Model Consider a pipeline span that has a transverse de? ection Y(x,t) from its equillibrium position.The length of the pipe is L,modulus of piece of cake of the pipe is E,and the vault of heaven moment of inertia is I. The density of the ? uid ? owing through the pipe is ? at pressure p and constant velocity v,through the internal pipe cross section having subject field A. Flow of the ? uid through the de? ecting pipe is speed up due to the changing curvature of the pipe and the lateral vibration of the pipeline. From the previous section we have the equation of motion for free vibration of a ? uid convering pipe EI ? 2Y ? 2Y ? 2Y ? 4Y + ? Av 2 2 + 2? Av +M 2 =0 ? x4 ? x ? x? t ? t (2. 10) 2. 2. 1 Shape Functions The essence of the ? ite element method,is to imagine the unidentified by an expression tending(p) as n w= i=1 Ni ai where Ni are the interpolating flesh functions prescribed in equipment casualty of linear in hooked functions and ai are a circuit of unk o utrightn parameters. We shall now derive the shape functions for a pipe element. 13 Y R R x L2 L L1 X Figure 2. 7 Pipe Carrying Fluid Consider an pipe of length L and let at point R be at distance x from the left end. L2=x/L and L1=1-x/L. Forming Shape Functions N 1 = L12 (3 ? 2L1) N 2 = L12 L2L N 3 = L22 (3 ? 2L2) N 4 = ? L1L22 L subbing the honour of L1 and L2 we astonish (2. 11) (2. 12) (2. 13) (2. 14) N 1 = (1 ? /l)2 (1 + 2x/l) N 2 = (1 ? x/l)2 x/l N 3 = (x/l)2 (3 ? 2x/l) N 4 = ? (1 ? x/l)(x/l)2 (2. 15) (2. 16) (2. 17) (2. 18) 14 2. 2. 2 Formulating the Sti? ness hyaloplasm for a Pipe Carrying Fluid ?1 ?2 W1 W2 Figure 2. 8 Beam Element Model For a twain dimensional conduct element, the geological fault matrix in foothold of shape functions can be verbalized as ? ? w1 ? ? ? ? ? ?1 ? ? ? W (x) = N 1 N 2 N 3 N 4 ? ? ? ? ? w2? ? ? ?2 (2. 19) where N1, N2, N3 and N4 are the duty period reaction shape functions for the ii dimensional beam element as verbalize in equation s (2. 15) to (2. 18). The displacements and rotations at end 1 is given by w1, ? and at end 2 is given by w2 , ? 2. Consider the point R inside the beam element of length L as shown in ? gure(2. 7) let the internal dividing line brawniness at point R is given by UR . The internal torture energy at point R can be verbalised as 1 UR = ? 2 where ? is the stress and is the strain at the point R. (2. 20) 15 ? E 1 ? Figure 2. 9 Relationship between latent hostility and Strain, Hooks Law Also ? =E Relation between stress and strain for elastic hearty, Hooks Law subbing the value of ? from equation(2. 21) into equation(2. 20) yields 1 UR = E 2 (2. 21) 2 (2. 22) 16 A1 z B1 w A z B u x Figure 2. 0 stripped sections remain plane Assuming plane sections remain resembling, = du dx (2. 23) (2. 24) (2. 25) u=z dw dx d2 w =z 2 dx To obtain the internal energy for the whole beam we immix the internal strain energy at point R over the batch. The internal strain energy for the entire beam is given as UR dv = U vol (2. 26) exchange the value of from equation(2. 25) into (2. 26) yields U= vol 1 2 E dv 2 (2. 27) Volume can be expressed as a product of area and length. dv = dA. dx (2. 28) 17 based on the higher up equation we now integrate equation (2. 27) over the area and over the length. L U= 0 A 1 2 E dAdx 2 (2. 29) subbing the value of rom equation(2. 25) into equation (2. 28) yields L U= 0 A 1 d2 w E(z 2 )2 dAdx 2 dx (2. 30) Moment of Inertia I for the beam element is given as = dA z Figure 2. 11 Moment of Inertia for an Element in the Beam I= z 2 dA (2. 31) Substituting the value of I from equation(2. 31) into equation(2. 30) yields L U = EI 0 1 d2 w 2 ( ) dx 2 dx2 (2. 32) The in a higher place equation for total internal strain energy can be rewritten as L U = EI 0 1 d2 w d2 w ( )( )dx 2 dx2 dx2 (2. 33) 18 The potential energy of the beam is naught but the total internal strain energy. Therefore, L ? = EI 0 1 d2 w d2 w ( )( )dx 2 dx2 dx2 (2. 34)If A and B are two matrices then applying matrix plaza of the transpose, yields (AB)T = B T AT (2. 35) We can express the Potential heartiness expressed in equation(2. 34) in scathe of displacement matrix W(x)equation(2. 19) as, 1 ? = EI 2 From equation (2. 19) we have ? ? w1 ? ? ? ? ? ?1 ? ? ? W = N 1 N 2 N 3 N 4 ? ? ? ? ? w2? ? ? ?2 ? ? N1 ? ? ? ? ? N 2? ? ? W T = ? ? w1 ? 1 w2 ? 2 ? ? ? N 3? ? ? N4 L (W )T (W )dx 0 (2. 36) (2. 37) (2. 38) Substituting the values of W and W T from equation(2. 37) and equation(2. 38) in equation(2. 36) yields ? N1 ? ? ? N 2 ? w1 ? 1 w2 ? 2 ? ? ? N 3 ? N4 ? ? ? ? ? ? N1 ? ? ? ? ? w1 ? ? ? ? ?1 ? ? ? ? ? dx (2. 39) ? ? ? w2? ? ? ?2 1 ? = EI 2 L 0 N2 N3 N4 19 where N1, N2, N3 and N4 are the displacement shape functions for the two dimensional beam element as stated in equations (2. 15) to (2. 18). The displacements and rotations at end 1 is given by w1, ? 1 and at end 2 is given by w2 , ? 2. 1 ? = EI 2 L 0 (N 1 ) ? ? ? N 2 N 1 ? w1 ? 1 w2 ? 2 ? ? ? N 3 N 1 ? N4 N1 ? 2 N1 N2 (N 2 )2 N3 N2 N4 N2 N1 N3 N2 N3 (N 3 )2 N4 N3 N1 N4 N2 N4 N3 N4 (N 4 )2 ? w1 ? ? ? ? ? 1 ? ? ? ? ? dx ? ? ?w2? ? ? 2 (2. 40) where ? 2 (N 1 ) ? ? L ? N 2 N 1 ? K = ? 0 ? N 3 N 1 ? ? N4 N1 N1 N2 (N 2 )2 N3 N2 N4 N2N1 N3 N2 N3 (N 3 ) 2 N1 N4 ? N4 N3 ? ? N2 N4 ? ? ? dx ? N3 N4 ? ? 2 (N 4 ) (2. 41) N 1 = (1 ? x/l)2 (1 + 2x/l) N 2 = (1 ? x/l)2 x/l N 3 = (x/l)2 (3 ? 2x/l) N 4 = ? (1 ? x/l)(x/l)2 (2. 42) (2. 43) (2. 44) (2. 45) The element sti? ness matrix for the beam is obtained by substituting the values of shape functions from equations (2. 42) to (2. 45) into equation(2. 41) and combine every element in the matrix in equation(2. 40) over the length L. 20 The Element sti? ness matrix for a beam element ? ? 12 6l ? 12 6l ? ? ? ? 2 2? 4l ? 6l 2l ? EI ? 6l ? K e = 3 ? ? l 12 ? 6l 12 ? 6l? ? ? ? ? 2 2 6l 2l ? 6l 4l (2. 46) 1 2. 2. 3 Forming the Matrix for the Force that conforms the Fluid to the Pipe A X ? r ? _______________________ x R Y Figure 2. 12 Pipe Carr ying Fluid Model B Consider a pipe carrying ? uid and let R be a point at a distance x from a reference plane AB as shown in ? gure(2. 12). Due to the ? ow of the ? uid through the pipe a force is introduced into the pipe cause the pipe to curve. This force conforms the ? uid to the pipe at all times. Let W be the transverse de? ection of the pipe and ? be shift made by the pipe due to the ? uid ? ow with the neutral axis. ? and ? deliver the unit vectors along the X i j ? nd Y axis and r and ? represent the two unit vectors at point R along the r and ? ? ? axis. At point R,the vectors r and ? can be expressed as ? r = cos lettuce + sin ? i j (2. 47) ? ? = ? sin + cos i j formulation for slope at point R is given by tan? = dW dx (2. 48) (2. 49) 22 Since the pipe undergoes a small de? ection, thus ? is very small. Therefore tan? = ? ie ? = dW dx (2. 51) (2. 50) The displacement of a point R at a distance x from the reference plane can be expressed as ? R = W ? + r? j r We di? e rentiate the preceding(prenominal) equation to father velocity of the ? uid at point R ? ? ? j ? r ? R = W ? + r? + rr ? r = vf ? here vf is the velocity of the ? uid ? ow. Also at time t r ? d? r= ? dt ie r ? d? d? = r= ? d? dt ? Substituting the value of r in equation(2. 53) yields ? ? ? ? j ? r R = W ? + r? + r (2. 57) (2. 56) (2. 55) (2. 53) (2. 54) (2. 52) ? Substituting the value of r and ? from equations(2. 47) and (2. 48) into equation(2. 56) ? yields ? ? ? ?j ? R = W ? + rcos + sin + r? ? sin + cos i j i j Since ? is small The velocity at point R is expressed as ? ? ? i ? j R = Rx? + Ry ? (2. 59) (2. 58) 23 ? ? i ? j ? ? R = (r ? r )? + (W + r? + r? )? ? ? The Y component of velocity R cause the pipe carrying ? id to curve. Therefore, (2. 60) 1 ? ? ? ? T = ? f ARy Ry (2. 61) 2 ? ? where T is the kinetic energy at the point R and Ry is the Y component of velocity,? f is the density of the ? uid,A is the area of crosswise of the pipe. ? ? Substituting the value of Ry fr om equation(2. 60) yields 1 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? T = ? f AW 2 + r2 ? 2 + r2 ? 2 + 2W r? + 2W ? r + 2rr 2 (2. 62) Substituting the value of r from equation(2. 54) and selecting the ? rst, second and the ? fourth terms yields 1 2 ? ? T = ? f AW 2 + vf ? 2 + 2W vf ? 2 (2. 63) direct substituting the value of ? from equation(2. 51) into equation(2. 3) yields dW 2 dW dW 1 2 dW 2 ) + vf ( ) + 2vf ( )( ) T = ? f A( 2 dt dx dt dx From the above equation we have these two terms 1 2 dW 2 ? f Avf ( ) 2 dx 2? f Avf ( dW dW )( ) dt dx (2. 65) (2. 66) (2. 64) The force acting on the pipe due to the ? uid ? ow can be calculated by compound the expressions in equations (2. 65) and (2. 66) over the length L. 1 2 dW 2 ? f Avf ( ) 2 dx (2. 67) L The expression in equation(2. 67) represents the force that causes the ? uid to conform to the curvature of the pipe. 2? f Avf ( L dW dW )( ) dt dx (2. 68) 24 The expression in equation(2. 68) represents the coriolis force which causes the ? id in the pipe t o whip. The equation(2. 67) can be expressed in terms of displacement shape functions derived for the pipe ? =T ? V ? = L 1 2 dW 2 ? f Avf ( ) 2 dx (2. 69) Rearranging the equation 2 ? = ? f Avf L 1 dW dW ( )( ) 2 dx dx (2. 70) For a pipe element, the displacement matrix in terms of shape functions can be expressed as ? ? w1 ? ? ? ? ? ?1 ? ? ? W (x) = N 1 N 2 N 3 N 4 ? ? ? ? ? w2? ? ? ?2 (2. 71) where N1, N2, N3 and N4 are the displacement shape functions pipe element as stated in equations (2. 15) to (2. 18). The displacements and rotations at end 1 is given by w1, ? 1 and at end 2 is given by w2 , ? . Refer to ? gure(2. 8). Substituting the shape functions firm in equations (2. 15) to (2. 18) ? ? N1 ? ? ? ? ? N 2 ? ? ? ? N1 w1 ? 1 w2 ? 2 ? ? ? N3 ? ? ? ? N4 ? ? w1 ? ? ? ? ? ?1 ? ? ? N 4 ? ? dx (2. 72) ? ? ? w2? ? ? ?2 L 2 ? = ? f Avf 0 N2 N3 25 L 2 ? = ? f Avf 0 (N 1 ) ? ? ? N 2 N 1 ? w1 ? 1 w2 ? 2 ? ? ? N 3 N 1 ? N4 N1 ? 2 N1 N2 (N 2 )2 N3 N2 N4 N2 N1 N3 N2 N3 (N 3 )2 N4 N3 N1 N 4 N2 N4 N3 N4 (N 4 )2 ? w1 ? ? ? ? ? 1 ? ? ? ? ? dx ? ? ?w2? ? ? 2 (2. 73) where (N 1 ) ? ? L ? N 2 N 1 ? ? 0 ? N 3 N 1 ? ? N4 N1 ? 2 N1 N2 (N 2 )2 N3 N2 N4 N2 N1 N3 N2 N3 (N 3 ) 2 N1 N4 ? 2 K2 = ? f Avf N4 N3 ? N2 N4 ? ? ? dx ? N3 N4 ? ? 2 (N 4 ) (2. 74) The matrix K2 represents the force that conforms the ? uid to the pipe. Substituting the values of shape functions equations(2. 15) to (2. 18) and desegregation it over the length gives us the basal matrix for the ? 36 3 ? 36 ? ? 4 ? 3 ? Av 2 ? 3 ? K2 e = ? 30l 36 ? 3 36 ? ? 3 ? 1 ? 3 above force. ? 3 ? ? ? 1? ? ? ? ? 3? ? 4 (2. 75) 26 2. 2. 4 Dissipation Matrix Formulation for a Pipe carrying Fluid The dissipation matrix represents the force that causes the ? uid in the pipe to whip creating instability in the system. To formulate this matrix we recall equation (2. 4) and (2. 68) The dissipation function is given by D= L 2? f Avf ( dW dW )( ) dt dx (2. 76) Where L is the length of the pipe element, ? f is the density of the ? uid, A area of cross-section(prenominal) of the pipe, and vf velocity of the ? uid ? ow. Recalling the displacement shape functions mentioned in equations(2. 15) to (2. 18) N 1 = (1 ? x/l)2 (1 + 2x/l) N 2 = (1 ? x/l)2 x/l N 3 = (x/l)2 (3 ? 2x/l) N 4 = ? (1 ? x/l)(x/l)2 (2. 77) (2. 78) (2. 79) (2. 80) The Dissipation Matrix can be expressed in terms of its displacement shape functions as shown in equations(2. 77) to (2. 80). ? ? N1 ? ? ? ? ? N 2 ? L ? ? D = 2? Avf ? N1 N2 N3 N4 w1 ? 1 w2 ? 2 ? ? ? 0 N3 ? ? ? ? N4 (N 1 ) ? ? ? N 2 N 1 ? w1 ? 1 w2 ? 2 ? ? ? N 3 N 1 ? N4 N1 ? 2 ? ? w1 ? ? ? ? ? ?1 ? ? ? ? ? dx ? ? ? w2? ? ? ?2 (2. 81) N1 N2 (N 2 )2 N3 N2 N4 N2 N1 N3 N2 N3 (N 3 )2 N4 N3 N1 N4 N2 N4 N3 N4 (N 4 )2 L 2? f Avf 0 ? w1 ? ? ? ? ? 1 ? ? ? ? ? dx ? ? ?w2? ? ? 2 (2. 82) 27 Substituting the values of shape functions from equations(2. 77) to (2. 80) and integrating over the length L yields ? ? ? 30 6 30 ? 6 ? ? ? ? 0 6 ? 1? ?Av ? 6 ? ? De = ? ? 30 30 ? 6 30 6 ? ? ? ? ? 6 1 ? 6 0 De represents the elementary dissipation matrix. (2. 83) 28 2. 2. 5Inertia Matrix Formulation for a Pipe carrying Fluid Consider an element in the pipe having an area dA, length x, mint dv and mass dm. The density of the pipe is ? and let W represent the transverse displacement of the pipe. The displacement model for the Assuming the displacement model of the element to be W (x, t) = N we (t) (2. 84) where W is the vector of displacements,N is the matrix of shape functions and we is the vector of nodal displacements which is assumed to be a function of time. Let the nodal displacement be expressed as W = weiwt Nodal Velocity can be found by di? erentiating the equation() with time. W = (iw)weiwt (2. 86) (2. 85) energising Energy of a particle can be expressed as a product of mass and the square of velocity 1 T = mv 2 2 (2. 87) Kinetic energy of the element can be found out by integrating equation(2. 87) over the the great unwashed. Also,mass can be expressed as the pro duct of density and vividness ie dm = ? dv T = v 1 ? 2 ? W dv 2 (2. 88) The volume of the element can be expressed as the product of area and the length. dv = dA. dx (2. 89) Substituting the value of volume dv from equation(2. 89) into equation(2. 88) and integrating over the area and the length yields T = ? w2 2 ? ?W 2 dA. dx A L (2. 90) 29 ?dA = ?A A (2. 91) Substituting the value of A ?dA in equation(2. 90) yields Aw2 2 T = ? W 2 dx L (2. 92) Equation(2. 92) can be written as Aw2 2 T = ? ? W W dx L (2. 93) The Lagrange equations are given by d dt where L=T ? V (2. 95) ? L ? w ? ? ? L ? w = (0) (2. 94) is called the Lagrangian function, T is the kinetic energy, V is the potential energy, ? W is the nodal displacement and W is the nodal velocity. The kinetic energy of the element e can be expressed as Te = Aw2 2 ? ? W T W dx L (2. 96) ? and where ? is the density and W is the vector of velocities of element e. The expression for T using the eq(2. 9)to (2. 21) can be written as ? ? N1 ? ? ? ? ? N 2? ? ? w1 ? 1 w2 ? 2 ? ? N 1 N 2 N 3 N 4 ? ? ? N 3? ? ? N4 ? ? w1 ? ? ? ? ? ?1 ? ? ? ? ? dx ? ? ? w2? ? ? ?2 Aw2 T = 2 e (2. 97) L 30 Rewriting the above expression we get ? (N 1)2 ? ? ? N 2N 1 Aw2 ? Te = w1 ? 1 w2 ? 2 ? ? 2 L ? N 3N 1 ? N 4N 1 ? N 1N 2 N 1N 3 N 1N 4 w1 ? ? 2 (N 2) N 2N 3 N 2N 4? ? ? 1 ? ? ? ? ? dx ? N 3N 2 (N 3)2 N 3N 4? ?w2? ? 2 N 4N 2 N 4N 3 (N 4) ? 2 (2. 98) Recalling the shape functions derived in equations(2. 15) to (2. 18) N 1 = (1 ? x/l)2 (1 + 2x/l) N 2 = (1 ? x/l)2 x/l N 3 = (x/l)2 (3 ? 2x/l) N 4 = ? (1 ? x/l)(x/l)2 (2. 9) (2. speed of light) (2. 101) (2. 102) Substituting the shape functions from eqs(2. 99) to (2. 102) into eqs(2. 98) yields the elemental mass matrix for a pipe. ? ? 156 22l 54 ? 13l ? ? ? ? 2 2? ? 22l 4l 13l ? 3l ? Ml ? M e = ? ? ? 420 ? 54 13l 156 ? 22l? ? ? ? 2 2 ? 13l ? 3l ? 22l 4l (2. 103) CHAPTER III FLOW INDUCED VIBRATIONS IN PIPES, A FINITE ELEMENT APPROACH 3. 1 Forming Global Sti? ness Matrix from Elemen tal Sti? ness Matrices Inorder to form a Global Matrix,we start with a 66 null matrix,with its six degrees of freedom being translation and rotation of each of the nodes. So our Global Sti? ness matrix looks like this ? 0 ? ?0 ? ? ? ?0 =? ? ? 0 ? ? ? 0 ? ? 0 ? 0? ? 0? ? ? ? 0? ? ? 0? ? ? 0? ? ? 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 KGlobal (3. 1) 31 32 The two 44 element sti? ness matrices are ? ? 12 6l ? 12 6l ? ? ? ? 4l2 ? 6l 2l2 ? EI ? 6l ? ? e k1 = 3 ? ? l 12 ? 6l 12 ? 6l? ? ? ? ? 2 2 6l 2l ? 6l 4l ? 12 6l ? 12 6l ? (3. 2) ? ? ? ? 2 2? 4l ? 6l 2l ? EI ? 6l ? e k2 = 3 ? ? l 12 ? 6l 12 ? 6l? ? ? ? ? 2 2 6l 2l ? 6l 4l (3. 3) We shall now retrace the global sti? ness matrix by inserting element 1 ? rst into the global sti? ness matrix. 6l ? 12 6l 0 0? ? 12 ? ? ? 6l 4l2 ? 6l 2l2 0 0? ? ? ? ? ? ? 12 ? 6l 12 ? l 0 0? EI ? ? = 3 ? ? l ? 6l 2 2 2l ? 6l 4l 0 0? ? ? ? ? ? 0 0 0 0 0 0? ? ? ? ? 0 0 0 0 0 0 ? ? KGlobal (3. 4) Inserting element 2 into the global sti? ness ma trix ? ? 6l ? 12 6l 0 0 ? ? 12 ? ? ? 6l 4l2 ? 6l 2l2 0 0 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? EI 12 ? 6l (12 + 12) (? 6l + 6l) ? 12 6l ? ? KGlobal = 3 ? ? l ? 6l 2 2 2 2? ? 2l (? 6l + 6l) (4l + 4l ) ? 6l 2l ? ? ? ? ? 0 0 ? 12 ? 6l 12 ? 6l? ? ? ? ? 2 2 0 0 6l 2l ? 6l 4l (3. 5) 33 3. 2 Applying Boundary Conditions to Global Sti? ness Matrix for simply supported pipe with ? uid ? ow When the boundary conditions are applied to a simply supported pipe carrying ? uid, the 66 Global Sti? ess Matrix formulated in eq(3. 5) is modi? ed to a 44 Global Sti? ness Matrix. It is as follows Y 1 2 X L Figure 3. 1 Representation of Simply support Pipe Carrying Fluid ? ? 4l2 ?6l 2l2 0 KGlobalS ? ? ? ? EI 6l (12 + 12) (? 6l + 6l) 6l ? ? ? = 3 ? ? l ? 2l2 (? 6l + 6l) (4l2 + 4l2 ) 2l2 ? ? ? ? ? 2 2 0 6l 2l 4l (3. 6) Since the pipe is supported at the two ends the pipe does not de? ect causing its two translational degrees of freedom to go to zero. consequently we end up with the Sti? ness Matrix shown in eq(3. 6) 34 3. 3 Ap plying Boundary Conditions to Global Sti? ness Matrix for a cantilever pipe with ? id ? ow Y E, I 1 2 X L Figure 3. 2 Representation of Cantilever Pipe Carrying Fluid When the boundary conditions are applied to a Cantilever pipe carrying ? uid, the 66 Global Sti? ness Matrix formulated in eq(3. 5) is modi? ed to a 44 Global Sti? ness Matrix. It is as follows ? (12 + 12) (? 6l + 6l) ? 12 6l ? KGlobalS ? ? ? ? ?(? 6l + 6l) (4l2 + 4l2 ) ? 6l 2l2 ? EI ? ? = 3 ? ? ? l ? ?12 ? 6l 12 ? 6l? ? ? ? 6l 2l2 ? 6l 4l2 (3. 7) Since the pipe is supported at one end the pipe does not de? ect or rotate at that end causing translational and rotational degrees of freedom at that end to go to zero.Hence we end up with the Sti? ness Matrix shown in eq(3. 8) 35 3. 4 MATLAB Programs for Assembling Global Matrices for Simply Supported and Cantilever pipe carrying ? uid In this section,we implement the method discussed in section(3. 1) to (3. 3) to form global matrices from the developed elemental matrices o f a straight ? uid conveying pipe and these assembled matrices are later solved for the natural frequency and onset of instability of a cantlilever and simply supported pipe carrying ? uid utilizing MATLAB Programs. Consider a pipe of length L, modulus of elasticity E has ? uid ? wing with a velocity v through its inner cross-section having an right(prenominal) diam od,and thickness t1. The expression for critical velocity and natural frequency of the simply supported pipe carrying ? uid is given by wn = ((3. 14)2 /L2 ) vc = (3. 14/L) (E ? I/M ) (3. 8) (3. 9) (E ? I/? A) 3. 5 MATLAB program for a simply supported pipe carrying ? uid The number of elements,density,length,modulus of elasticity of the pipe,density and velocity of ? uid ? owing through the pipe and the thickness of the pipe can be de? ned by the user. Refer to concomitant 1 for the complete MATLAB Program. 36 3. 6MATLAB program for a cantilever pipe carrying ? uid Figure 3. 3 Pinned-Free Pipe Carrying Fluid* The numb er of elements,density,length,modulus of elasticity of the pipe,density and velocity of ? uid ? owing through the pipe and the thickness of the pipe can be de? ned by the user. The expression for critical velocity and natural frequency of the cantilever pipe carrying ? uid is given by wn = ((1. 875)2 /L2 ) (E ? I/M ) Where, wn = ((an2 )/L2 ) (EI/M )an = 1. 875, 4. 694, 7. 855 vc = (1. 875/L) (E ? I/? A) (3. 11) (3. 10) Refer to accessory 2 for the complete MATLAB Program. 0 * Flow Induced Vibrations,Robert D.Blevins,Krieger. 1977,P 297 CHAPTER IV FLOW INDUCED VIBRATIONS IN PIPES, A FINITE ELEMENT APPROACH 4. 1 Parametric knowledge Parametric study has been carried out in this chapter. The study is carried out on a single span steel pipe with a 0. 01 m (0. 4 in. ) diam and a . 0001 m (0. 004 in. ) thick wall. The other parameters are tightness of the pipe ? p (Kg/m3 ) 8000 density of the ? uid ? f (Kg/m3 ) light speed0 length of the pipe L (m) 2 rate of elements n 10 Modulus E lasticity E (Gpa) 207 of MATLAB program for the simply supported pipe with ? uid ? ow is apply for these set of parameters with varying ? uid velocity.Results from this study are shown in the form of graphs and tables. The fundamental frequency of vibration and the critical velocity of ? uid for a simply supported pipe 37 38 carrying ? uid are ? n 21. 8582 rad/sec vc 16. 0553 m/sec dishearten 4. 1 Reduction of Fundamental oftenness for a Pinned-Pinned Pipe with increasing Flow Velocity Velocity of Fluid(v) Velocity symmetry(v/vc) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16. 0553 0 0. 1246 0. 2491 0. 3737 0. 4983 0. 6228 0. 7474 0. 8720 1 frequence(w) 21. 8806 21. 5619 20. 5830 18. 8644 16. 2206 12. 1602 3. 7349 0. 3935 0 Frequency Ratio(w/wn) 1 0. 9864 0. 9417 0. 8630 0. 7421 0. 5563 0. 709 0. 0180 0 39 Figure 4. 1 Reduction of Fundamental Frequency for a Pinned-Pinned Pipe with increasing Flow Velocity The fundamental frequency of vibration and the critical velocity of ? uid for a Cantilever pipe c arrying ? uid are ? n 7. 7940 rad/sec vc 9. 5872 m/sec 40 Figure 4. 2 Shape Function Plot for a Cantilever Pipe with increasing Flow Velocity Table 4. 2 Reduction of Fundamental Frequency for a Pinned-Free Pipe with increasing Flow Velocity Velocity of Fluid(v) Velocity Ratio(v/vc) 0 2 4 6 8 9 9. 5872 0 0. 2086 0. 4172 0. 6258 0. 8344 0. 9388 1 Frequency(w) 7. 7940 7. 5968 6. 9807 5. 8549 3. 825 1. 9897 0 Frequency Ratio(w/wn) 1 0. 9747 0. 8957 0. 7512 0. 4981 0. 2553 0 41 Figure 4. 3 Reduction of Fundamental Frequency for a Cantilever Pipe with increasing Flow Velocity CHAPTER V FLOW INDUCED VIBRATIONS IN PIPES, A FINITE ELEMENT APPROACH E, I v L Figure 5. 1 Representation of Tapered Pipe Carrying Fluid 5. 1 Tapered Pipe Carrying Fluid Consider a pipe of length L, modulus of elasticity E. A ? uid ? ows through the pipe at a velocity v and density ? through the internal pipe cross-section. As the ? uid ? ows through the de? ecting pipe it is accelerated, because of the changing curv ature 42 43 f the pipe and the lateral vibration of the pipeline. The vertical component of ? uid pressure applied to the ? uid element and the pressure force F per unit length applied on the ? uid element by the tube walls oppose these accelerations. The gossip parameters are given by the user. Density of the pipe ? p (Kg/m3 ) 8000 Density of the ? uid ? f (Kg/m3 ) 1000 Length of the pipe L (m) 2 Number of elements n 10 Modulus Elasticity E (Gpa) 207 of For these user de? ned values we introduce a taper in the pipe so that the material property and the length of the pipe with the taper or without the taper remain the same.This is done by keeping the inner diameter of the pipe constant and varying the outside diameter. Refer to ? gure (5. 2) The pipe tapers from one end having a thickness x to the other end having a thickness Pipe Carrying Fluid 9. 8mm OD= 10 mm L=2000 mm x mm t =0. 01 mm ID= 9. 8 mm Tapered Pipe Carrying Fluid Figure 5. 2 Introducing a Taper in the Pipe Carrying Fluid of t = 0. 01mm such that the volume of material is equal to the volume of material 44 for a pipe with no taper. The thickness x of the tapered pipe is now calculated From ? gure(5. 2) we have outmost(a) Diameter of the pipe with no taper(OD) 10 mm Inner Diameter of the pipe(ID) 9. mm Outer Diameter of thick end of the Tapered pipe (OD1 ) Length of the pipe(L) 2000 mm Thickness of thin end of the taper(t) 0. 01 mm Thickness of thick end of the taper x mm Volume of the pipe without the taper V1 = Volume of the pipe with the taper ? ? L ? 2 V2 = (OD1 ) + (ID + 2t)2 ? (ID2 ) 4 4 3 4 (5. 2) ? (OD2 ? ID2 )L 4 (5. 1) Since the volume of material distributed over the length of the two pipes is equal We have, V1 = V2 (5. 3) Substituting the value for V1 and V2 from equations(5. 1) and (5. 2) into equation(5. 3) yields ? ? ? L ? 2 (OD2 ? ID2 )L = (OD1 ) + (ID + 2t)2 ? (ID2 ) 4 4 4 3 4 The outer diameter for the thick end of the tapered pipe can be expressed as (5. 4) OD1 = I D + 2x (5. 5) 45 Substituting values of outer diameter(OD),inner diameter(ID),length(L) and thickness(t) into equation (5. 6) yields ? 2 ? ? 2000 ? (10 ? 9. 82 )2000 = (9. 8 + 2x)2 + (9. 8 + 0. 02)2 ? (9. 82 ) 4 4 4 3 4 resolution equation (5. 6) yields (5. 6) x = 2. 24mm (5. 7) Substituting the value of thickness x into equation(5. 5) we get the outer diameter OD1 as OD1 = 14. 268mm (5. 8) Thus, the taper in the pipe varies from a outer diameters of 14. 268 mm to 9. 82 mm. 46The following MATLAB program is employ to calculate the fundamental natural frequency of vibration for a tapered pipe carrying ? uid. Refer to Appendix 3 for the complete MATLAB program. Results obtained from the program are given in table (5. 1) Table 5. 1 Reduction of Fundamental Frequency for a Tapered pipe with increasing Flow Velocity Velocity of Fluid(v) Velocity Ratio(v/vc) 0 20 40 60 80 100 103. 3487 0 0. 1935 0. 3870 0. 5806 0. 7741 0. 9676 1 Frequency(w) 40. 8228 40. 083 37. 7783 33. 5980 26. 579 8 10. 7122 0 Frequency Ratio(w/wn) . 8100 0. 7784 0. 7337 0. 6525 0. 5162 0. 2080 0The fundamental frequency of vibration and the critical velocity of ? uid for a tapered pipe carrying ? uid obtained from the MATLAB program are ? n 51. 4917 rad/sec vc 103. 3487 m/sec CHAPTER VI RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS In the present work, we have utilized numerical method techniques to form the grassroots elemental matrices for the pinned-pinned and pinned-free pipe carrying ? uid. Matlab programs have been developed and utilized to form global matrices from these elemental matrices and fundamental frequency for free vibration has been calculated for various pipe con? gurations and varying ? uid ? ow velocities.Consider a pipe carrying ? uid having the following user de? ned parameters. E, I v L v Figure 6. 1 Representation of Pipe Carrying Fluid and Tapered Pipe Carrying Fluid 47 48 Density of the pipe ? p (Kg/m3 ) 8000 Density of the ? uid ? f (Kg/m3 ) 1000 Length of the pipe L (m) 2 Number of el ements n 10 Modulus Elasticity E (Gpa) 207 of Refer to Appendix 1 and Appendix 3 for the complete MATLAB program Parametric study carried out on a pinned-pinned and tapered pipe for the same material of the pipe and subjected to the same conditions reveal that the tapered pipe is more stable than a pinned-pinned pipe.Comparing the following set of tables justi? es the above statement. The fundamental frequency of vibration and the critical velocity of ? uid for a tapered and a pinned-pinned pipe carrying ? uid are ? nt 51. 4917 rad/sec ? np 21. 8582 rad/sec vct 103. 3487 m/sec vcp 16. 0553 m/sec Table 6. 1 Reduction of Fundamental Frequency for a Tapered Pipe with increasing Flow Velocity Velocity of Fluid(v) Velocity Ratio(v/vc) 0 20 40 60 80 100 103. 3487 0 0. 1935 0. 3870 0. 5806 0. 7741 0. 9676 1 Frequency(w) 40. 8228 40. 083 37. 7783 33. 5980 26. 5798 10. 7122 0 Frequency Ratio(w/wn) 0. 8100 0. 7784 0. 7337 0. 6525 0. 5162 0. 2080 0 9 Table 6. 2 Reduction of Fundamental Frequen cy for a Pinned-Pinned Pipe with increasing Flow Velocity Velocity of Fluid(v) Velocity Ratio(v/vc) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16. 0553 0 0. 1246 0. 2491 0. 3737 0. 4983 0. 6228 0. 7474 0. 8720 1 Frequency(w) 21. 8806 21. 5619 20. 5830 18. 8644 16. 2206 12. 1602 3. 7349 0. 3935 0 Frequency Ratio(w/wn) 1 0. 9864 0. 9417 0. 8630 0. 7421 0. 5563 0. 1709 0. 0180 0 The fundamental frequency for vibration and critical velocity for the onset of instability in tapered pipe is approximately triad times larger than the pinned-pinned pipe,thus making it more stable. 50 6. 1 Contribution of the Thesis real Finite Element Model for vibration analysis of a Pipe Carrying Fluid. Implemented the above developed model to two di? erent pipe con? gurations Simply Supported and Cantilever Pipe Carrying Fluid. Developed MATLAB Programs to solve the Finite Element Models. primed(p) the e? ect of ? uid velocities and density on the vibrations of a thin walled Simply Supported and Cantilever pipe carrying ? u id. The critical velocity and natural frequency of vibrations were determined for the above con? gurations. Study was carried out on a variable wall thickness pipe and the results obtained show that the critical ? id velocity can be increased when the wall thickness is tapered. 6. 2 Future Scope Turbulence in Two-Phase Fluids In single-phase ? ow,? uctuations are a direct consequence of uplift developed in ? uid, whereas the situation is all the way more complex in two-phase ? ow since the ? uctuation of the florilegium itself is added to the inherent turbulence of each phase. clear the study to a time dependent ? uid velocity ? owing through the pipe. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1 Doods. H. L and H. Runyan E? ects of High-Velocity Fluid Flow in the Bending Vibrations and Static dissimilarity of a Simply Supported Pipe.National Aeronautics and Space Administration subject area NASA TN D-2870 June(1965). 2 Ashley,H and G. Haviland Bending Vibrations of a Pipe bank bill Containing current Fluid. J. Appl. Mech. 17,229-232(1950). 3 Housner,G. W Bending Vibrations of a Pipe Line Containing menstruum Fluid. J. Appl. Mech. 19,205-208(1952). 4 Long. R. H Experimental and divinatory Study of Transverse Vibration of a tube Containing Flowing Fluid. J. Appl. Mech. 22,65-68(1955). 5 Liu. H. S and C. D. Mote Dynamic Response of Pipes Transporting Fluids. J. Eng. for fabrication 96,591-596(1974). 6 Niordson,F. I. N Vibrations of a Cylinderical Tube Containing Flowing Fluid. Trans. Roy. Inst. Technol. Stockholm 73(1953). 7 Handelman,G. H A Note on the transverse Vibration of a tube Containing Flowing Fluid. Quarterly of Applied Mathematics 13,326-329(1955). 8 Nemat-Nassar,S. S. N. Prasad and G. Herrmann Destabilizing E? ect on VelocityDependent Forces in Nonconservative Systems. AIAA J. 4,1276-1280(1966). 51 52 9 Naguleswaran,S and C. J. H. Williams Lateral Vibrations of a Pipe Conveying a Fluid. J. Mech. Eng. Sci. 10,228-238(1968). 10 Herrmann. G and R. W.Bungay On the Stabi lity of Elastic Systems Subjected to Nonconservative Forces. J. Appl. Mech. 31,435-440(1964). 11 Gregory. R. W and M. P. Paidoussis Unstable Oscillations of Tubular Cantilevers Conveying Fluid-I opening. Proc. Roy. Soc. (London). Ser. A 293,512-527(1966). 12 S. S. Rao The Finite Element regularity in Engineering. Pergamon Press Inc. 245294(1982). 13 Michael. R. concoct Vibration Simulation Using Matlab and Ansys. Chapman and manor hall/CRC 349-361,392(2001). 14 Robert D. Blevins Flow Induced Vibrations. Krieger 289,297(1977). Appendices 53 54 0. 1 MATLAB program for Simply Supported Pipe Carrying FluidMATLAB program for Simply Supported Pipe Carrying Fluid. % The f o l l o w i n g MATLAB Program c a l c u l a t e s t h e Fundamental % N a t u r a l f r e q u e n c y o f v i b r a t i o n , f r e q u e n c y r a t i o (w/wn) % and v e l o c i t y r a t i o ( v / vc ) , f o r a % simply supported pipe carrying f l u i d . % I n o r d e r t o perform t h e above t a s k t h e progr am a s s e m b l e s % E l e m e n t a l S t i f f n e s s , D i s s i p a t i o n , and I n e r t i a m a t r i c e s % t o form G l o b a l M a t r i c e s which are used t o c a l c u l a t e % Fundamental N a t u r a l % Frequency w . lc num elements =input ( arousal number o f e l e m e n t s f o r beam ) % num elements = The u s e r e n t e r s t h e number o f e l e m e n t s % i n which t h e p i p e % has t o be d i v i d e d . n=1 num elements +1% Number o f nodes ( n ) i s e q u a l t o number o f %e l e m e n t s p l u s one n o d e l =1 num elements node2 =2 num elements +1 exclusive nodel= gook( n o d e l ) max node2=max( node2 ) max node used=max( max nodel max node2 ) mnu=max node used k=zeros (2? mnu ) % C r e a t i n g a G l o b a l S t i f f n e s s Matrix o f z e r o s 55 m =zeros (2? nu ) % C r e a t i n g G l o b a l pickle Matrix o f z e r o s x=zeros (2? mnu ) % C r e a t i n g G l o b a l Matrix o f z e r o s % f o r t h e f o r c e t h a t c onforms f l u i d % to the curvature of the % pipe d=zeros (2? mnu ) % C r e a t i n g G l o b a l D i s s i p a t i o n Matrix o f z e r o s %( C o r i o l i s Component ) t=num elements ? 2 L=2 % T o t a l l e n g t h o f t h e p i p e i n meters l=L/ num elements % Length o f an e l e m e n t t1 =. 0001 od = . 0 1 i d=od? 2? t 1 % t h i c k n e s s o f t h e p i p e i n meter % outer diameter of the pipe % inner diameter of the pipeI=pi ? ( od? 4? i d ? 4)/64 % moment o f i n e r t i a o f t h e p i p e E=207? 10? 9 roh =8000 rohw =1000 % Modulus o f e l a s t i c i t y o f t h e p i p e % Density of the pipe % d e n s i t y o f water ( FLuid ) M =roh ? pi ? ( od? 2? i d ? 2)/4 + rohw? pi ? . 2 5 ? i d ? 2 % mass per u n i t l e n g t h o f % the pipe + f l u i d rohA=rohw? pi ? ( . 2 5 ? i d ? 2 ) l=L/ num elements v=0 % v e l o c i t y o f t h e f l u i d f l o w i n g t h r o u g h t h e p i p e %v =16. 0553 z=rohA/M i=sqrt ( ? 1) wn= ( ( 3 . 1 4 ) ? 2 /L? 2)? sqrt (E? I /M) % N a t u r a l Frequency vc =(3. 14/L)? sqrt (E?I /rohA ) % C r i t i c a l V e l o c i t y 56 % Assembling G l o b a l S t i f f n e s s , D i s s i p a t i o n and I n e r t i a M a t r i c e s for j =1 num elements d o f 1 =2? n o d e l ( j ) ? 1 d o f 2 =2? n o d e l ( j ) d o f 3 =2? node2 ( j ) ? 1 d o f 4 =2? node2 ( j ) % S t i f f n e s s Matrix Assembly k ( dof1 , d o f 1 )=k ( dof1 , d o f 1 )+ (12? E? I / l ? 3 ) k ( dof2 , d o f 1 )=k ( dof2 , d o f 1 )+ (6? E? I / l ? 2 ) k ( dof3 , d o f 1 )=k ( dof3 , d o f 1 )+ (? 12? E? I / l ? 3 ) k ( dof4 , d o f 1 )=k ( dof4 , d o f 1 )+ (6? E? I / l ? 2 ) k ( dof1 , d o f 2 )=k ( dof1 , d o f 2 )+ (6? E?I / l ? 2 ) k ( dof2 , d o f 2 )=k ( dof2 , d o f 2 )+ (4? E? I / l ) k ( dof3 , d o f 2 )=k ( dof3 , d o f 2 )+ (? 6? E? I / l ? 2 ) k ( dof4 , d o f 2 )=k ( dof4 , d o f 2 )+ (2? E? I / l ) k ( dof1 , d o f 3 )=k ( dof1 , d o f 3 )+ (? 12? E? I / l ? 3 ) k ( dof2 , d o f 3 )=k ( dof2 , d o f 3 )+ (? 6? E? I / l ? 2 ) k ( dof3 , d o f 3 )=k ( dof3 , d o f 3 )+ (12? E? I / l ? 3 ) k ( dof4 , d o f 3 )=k ( dof4 , d o f 3 )+ (? 6? E? I / l ? 2 ) k ( dof1 , d o f 4 )=k ( dof1 , d o f 4 )+ (6? E? I / l ? 2 ) k ( dof2 , d o f 4 )=k ( dof2 , d o f 4 )+ (2? E? I / l ) k ( dof3 , d o f 4 )=k ( dof3 , d o f 4 )+ (? ? E? I / l ? 2 ) k ( dof4 , d o f 4 )=k ( dof4 , d o f 4 )+ (4? E? I / l ) % 57 % Matrix a s s e m b l y f o r t h e second term i e % f o r t h e f o r c e t h a t conforms % f l u i d to the curvature of the pipe x ( dof1 , d o f 1 )=x ( dof1 , d o f 1 )+ ( ( 3 6 ? rohA? v ? 2)/30? l ) x ( dof2 , d o f 1 )=x ( dof2 , d o f 1 )+ ( ( 3 ? rohA? v ? 2)/30? l ) x ( dof3 , d o f 1 )=x ( dof3 , d o f 1 )+ (( ? 36? rohA? v ? 2)/30? l ) x ( dof4 , d o f 1 )=x ( dof4 , d o f 1 )+ ( ( 3 ? rohA? v ? 2)/30? l ) x ( dof1 , d o f 2 )=x ( dof1 , d o f 2 )+ ( ( 3 ? ohA? v ? 2)/30? l ) x ( dof2 , d o f 2 )=x ( dof2 , d o f 2 )+ ( ( 4 ? rohA? v ? 2)/30? l ) x ( dof3 , d o f 2 )=x ( dof3 , d o f 2 )+ (( ? 3? rohA? v ? 2)/30? l ) x ( dof4 , d o f 2 )=x ( dof4 , d o f 2 )+ (( ? 1? rohA? v ? 2)/30? l ) x ( dof1 , d o f 3 )=x ( dof1 , d o f 3 )+ (( ? 36? rohA? v ? 2)/30? l ) x ( dof2 , d o f 3 )=x ( dof2 , d o f 3 )+ (( ? 3? rohA? v ? 2)/30? l ) x ( dof3 , d o f 3 )=x ( dof3 , d o f 3 )+ ( ( 3 6 ? rohA? v ? 2)/30? l ) x ( dof4 , d o f 3 )=x ( dof4 , d o f 3 )+ (( ? 3? rohA? v ? 2)/30? l ) x ( dof1 , d o f 4 )=x ( dof1 , d o f 4 )+ ( ( 3 ? rohA? v ? 2)/30? ) x ( dof2 , d o f 4 )=x ( dof2 , d o f 4 )+ (( ? 1? rohA? v ? 2)/30? l ) x ( dof3 , d o f 4 )=x ( dof3 , d o f 4 )+ (( ? 3? rohA? v ? 2)/30? l ) x ( dof4 , d o f 4 )=x ( dof4 , d o f 4 )+ ( ( 4 ? rohA? v ? 2)/30? l ) % % D i s s i p a t i o n Matrix Assembly d ( dof1 , d o f 1 )=d ( dof1 , d o f 1 )+ (2? ( ? 30? rohA? v ) / 6 0 ) d ( dof2 , d o f 1 )=d ( dof2 , d o f 1 )+ ( 2 ? ( 6 ? rohA? v ) / 6 0 ) d ( dof3 , d o f 1 )=d ( dof3 , d o f 1 )+ ( 2 ? ( 3 0 ? rohA? v ) / 6 0 ) 58 d ( dof4 , d o f 1 )=d ( dof4 , d o f 1 )+ (2? ( ? 6? rohA? ) / 6 0 ) d ( dof1 , d o f 2 )=d ( dof1 , d o f 2 )+ (2? ( ? 6? rohA? v ) / 6 0 ) d ( dof2 , d o f 2 )=d ( dof2 , d o f 2 )+ ( 2 ? ( 0 ? rohA? v ) / 6 0 ) d ( dof3 , d o f 2 )=d ( dof3 , d o f 2 )+ ( 2 ? ( 6 ? rohA? v ) / 6 0 ) d ( dof4 , d o f 2 )=d ( dof4 , d o f 2 )+ (2? ( ? 1? rohA? v ) / 6 0 ) d ( dof1 , d o f 3 )=d ( dof1 , d o f 3 )+ (2? ( ? 30? rohA? v ) / 6 0 ) d ( dof2 , d o f 3 )=d ( dof2 , d o f 3 )+ (2? ( ? 6? rohA? v ) / 6 0 ) d ( dof3 , d o f 3 )=d ( dof3 , d o f 3 )+ ( 2 ? ( 3 0 ? rohA? v ) / 6 0 ) d ( dof4 , d o f 3 )=d ( dof4 , d o f 3 )+ ( 2 ? ( 6 ? rohA? v ) / 6 0 ) ( dof1 , d o f 4 )=d ( dof1 , d o f 4 )+ ( 2 ? ( 6 ? rohA? v ) / 6 0 ) d ( dof2 , d o f 4 )=d ( dof2 , d o f 4 )+ ( 2 ? ( 1 ? rohA? v ) / 6 0 ) d ( dof3 , d o f 4 )=d ( dof3 , d o f 4 )+ (2? ( ? 6? rohA? v ) / 6 0 ) d ( dof4 , d o f 4 )=d ( dof4 , d o f 4 )+ ( 2 ? ( 0 ? rohA? v ) / 6 0 ) % % I n e r t i a Matrix Assembly m( dof1 , d o f 1 )=m( dof1 , d o f 1 )+ (156? M? l / 4 2 0 ) m( dof2 , d o f 1 )=m( dof2 , d o f 1 )+ (22? l ? 2? M/ 4 2 0 ) m( dof3 , d o f 1 )=m( dof3 , d o f 1 )+ (54? l ? M/ 4 2 0 ) m( dof4 , d o f 1 )=m( dof4 , d o f 1 )+ (? 3? l ? 2? M/ 4 2 0 ) m( dof1 , d o f 2 )=m( dof1 , d o f 2 )+ (22? l ? 2? M/ 4 2 0 ) m( dof2 , d o f 2 )=m( dof2 , d o f 2 )+ (4? M? l ? 3 / 4 2 0 ) m( dof3 , d o f 2 )=m( dof3 , d o f 2 )+ (13? l ? 2? M/ 4 2 0 ) m( dof4 , d o f 2 )=m( dof4 , d o f 2 )+ (? 3? M? l ? 3 / 4 2 0 ) 59 m( dof1 , d o f 3 )=m( dof1 , d o f 3 )+ (54? M? l / 4 2 0 ) m( dof2 , d o f 3 )=m( dof2 , d o f 3 )+ (13? l ? 2? M/ 4 2 0 ) m( dof3 , d o f 3 )=m( dof3 , d o f 3 )+ (156? l ? M/ 4 2 0 ) m( dof4 , d o f 3 )=m( dof4 , d o f 3 )+ (? 22? l ? 2? M/ 4 2 0 ) m( dof1 , d o f 4 )=m( dof1 , d o f 4 )+ (? 13? l ? 2?M/ 4 2 0 ) m( dof2 , d o f 4 )=m( dof2 , d o f 4 )+ (? 3? M? l ? 3 / 4 2 0 ) m( dof3 , d o f 4 )=m( dof3 , d o f 4 )+ (? 22? l ? 2? M/ 4 2 0 ) m( dof4 , d o f 4 )=m( dof4 , d o f 4 )+ (4? M? l ? 3 / 4 2 0 ) end k ( 1 1 , ) = % A p p l y i n g Boundary c o n d i t i o n s k( ,11)= k ( ( 2 ? mnu? 2 ) ( 2 ? mnu? 2 ) , ) = k ( , ( 2 ? mnu? 2 ) ( 2 ? mnu? 2 ) ) = k x(11 ,)= x( ,11)= x ( ( 2 ? mnu? 2 ) ( 2 ? mnu? 2 ) , ) = x ( , ( 2 ? mnu? 2 ) ( 2 ? mnu? 2 ) ) = x % G l o b a l Matrix f o r t h e % Force t h a t conforms f l u i d t o p i p e x1=? d(11 ,)= d( ,11)= d ( ( 2 ? mnu? 2 ) ( 2 ? mnu? 2 ) , ) = % G l o b a l S t i f f n e s s Matrix 60 d ( , ( 2 ? mnu? 2 ) ( 2 ? mnu? 2 ) ) = d d1=(? d ) Kg lobal=k+10? x1 m( 1 1 , ) = m( , 1 1 ) = m( ( 2 ? mnu? 2 ) ( 2 ? mnu? 2 ) , ) = m( , ( 2 ? mnu? 2 ) ( 2 ? mnu? 2 ) ) = m eye ( t ) zeros ( t ) H=? inv (m) ? ( d1 ) ? inv (m)? Kglobal eye ( t ) zeros ( t ) Evalue=eig (H) % E i g e n v a l u e s v r a t i o=v/ vc % V e l o c i t y Ratio % G l o b a l Mass Matrix % G l o b a l D i s s i p a t i o nMatrix i v 2=imag ( Evalue ) i v 2 1=min( abs ( i v 2 ) ) w1 = ( i v 2 1 ) wn w r a t i o=w1/wn vc % Frequency Ratio % Fundamental N a t u r a l f r e q u e n c y 61 0. 2 MATLAB Program for Cantilever Pipe Carrying Fluid MATLAB Program for Cantilever Pipe Carrying Fluid. % The f o l l o w i n g MATLAB Program c a l c u l a t e s t h e Fundamental % N a t u r a l f r e q u e n c y o f v i b r a t i o n , f r e q u e n c y r a t i o (w/wn) % and v e l o c i t y r a t i o ( v / vc ) , f o r a c a n t i l e v e r p i p e % carrying f l u i d . I n o r d e r t o perform t h e above t a s k t h e program a s s e m b l e s % E l e m e n t a l S t i f f n e s s , D i s s i p a t i o n , and I n e r t i a m a t r i c e s % t o form G l o b a l M a t r i c e s which are used % t o c a l c u l a t e Fundamental N a t u r a l % Frequency w . clc num elements =input ( Input number o f e l e m e n t s f o r Pipe ) % num elements = The u s e r e n t e r s t h e number o f e l e m e n t s % i n which t h e p i p e has t o be d i v i d e d . =1 num elements +1% Number o f no des ( n ) i s % e q u a l t o number o f e l e m e n t s p l u s one n o d e l =1 num elements % Parameters used i n t h e l o o p s node2 =2 num elements +1 max nodel=max( n o d e l ) max node2=max( node2 ) max node used=max( max nodel max node2 ) mnu=max node used k=zeros (2? mnu ) % C r e a t i n g a G l o b a l S t i f f n e s s Matrix o f z e r o s 62 m =zeros (2? mnu ) % C r e a t i n g G l o b a l Mass Matrix o f z e r o s